船上安全訓練手冊 - 第三章 海上失溫控管

船上安全訓練手冊
Shipboard Safety Training Manual

尚作仁船長 編撰 Compiled by Captain David Shang

第三章 海上失溫控管
Chapter 3 Controlling Hypothermia at Sea

 

3.1 一般資訊
General Information

所有海員在遠洋船舶作業期間都會面臨各種風險。例如，您可能會被繫泊纜繩(漁網)纏住而受傷。您也有可能在甲板上執行任務時落海，並因體溫下降而出現失溫症狀。
All seafarers face various risks during operations of a seagoing vessel. For example, you may get caught up in a mooring line (net) and sustain an injury. You may also fall into the ocean while performing your duties on deck and suffer from hypothermia as a result of the ensuing decrease in your body temperature.

在這些風險中，失溫尤其危險。即使沒有落海，您也可能在日常工作中出現失溫，但卻可能沒有意識到。您可能會認為失溫的症狀只是疲憊或一般不適感覺而忽略了。以至於延誤了急救的時機。
Among these risks, hypothermia can be especially perilous. Even without falling into the ocean, you may begin to develop symptoms simply during your normal duties, and not even realize it. By that time, it may be too late. You may consider the symptoms of hypothermia to be exhaustion or generally just feeling unwell, and you may overlook them.

這可能是您第一次聽到「失溫」(hypothermia)這個詞，但它實際上是一種非常嚴重的疾病，死亡率高達20%到90%。
This may be your first time hearing the word "hypothermia", but it is actually a very serious condition with a mortality rate of 20% - 90%.

「國際海上人命安全公約」(SOLAS)也規定，海員必須接受有關失溫的充分教育。
The SOLAS Convention, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, also stipulates that seafarers must be sufficiently educated regarding hypothermia.

因此，讓海員和其他所有參與海洋事務的人員廣泛了解什麼是失溫，以及如何預防失溫至關重要。
It is, therefore, extremely important to foster a wide understanding among seafarers and everyone else involved in maritime matters concerning exactly what hypothermia is and what can be done in order to prevent it.

 

3.2 失溫
Hypothermia

什麼是失溫?
What is Hypothermia?

失溫是指體溫低於35℃。這是一種極度危險的情況，死亡率高達20% - 90%！
Hypothermia occurs when your body temperature falls below 35℃ . It is an extremely dangerous condition with a mortality rate of 20% - 90%!

「體溫」指的是所謂的「核心體溫」。核心體溫包括直腸溫度、膀胱溫度、食道溫度和肺動脈溫度，但通常測量的是直腸溫度(準確地說，是在距離肛門約7公分處測量)。
"Body temperature" is known as "core temperature". Core temperature refers to such things as rectal temperature, bladder temperature, esophageal temperature and pulmonary artery temperature, but it is generally taken as rectal temperature (to be precise, a measurement taken at a depth of about 7cm from the anus).

對於失溫患者，無法使用正常測量體溫方法(例如腋下或舌下測量)來準確測量核心體溫。真正的核心體溫可以透過直腸、膀胱或食道測量來獲得。最簡單、最常用的方法就是測量直腸溫度。
It is not possible to measure body temperature correctly in regard to hypothermia by using the same methods as when taking your temperature normally, such as under the armpit or under the tongue. A true measurement of core body temperature can be taken, be it rectal, bladder or esophageal. The easiest and so most commonly used method to gain such a reading is a rectal measurement.

失溫有兩種類型：
There are two types of hypothermia:

1. 意外性失溫
Accidental Hypothermia

因意外或不可預見的情況造成。
Caused by accidents or unforeseen circumstances.

2. 繼發性失溫
Secondary Hypothermia

由於疾病、藥物、健康狀況不佳或其他因素造成的繼發性結果。
Caused as a secondary result of illness, drugs, poor health or other factors.

本手冊專注於「意外性失溫」，所有海員在履行職責過程中都必須注意這一點。
This Manual focus on "accidental hypothermia," which all seafarers must be aware of in the course of performing their duties.

什麼原因導致失溫?
What causes hypothermia?

失溫是由於暴露在寒冷的環境中造成的！
Hypothermia is caused by exposure to a cold environment!

人體表面，尤其是皮膚，佈滿了感知溫度的神經，將正常體溫維持在約36-37℃的固定範圍內。如果體溫偏離該範圍，訊息就會傳遞到位於大腦中樞的下視丘體溫中樞，並透過收縮或擴張血管等措施來調節體溫。
The surface of the human body, in particular the skin, is layered with nerves that detect temperature, which maintains the normal body temperature within a fixed range of approximately 36 - 37℃. If this range is deviated from, that information is transmitted to the body temperature center of the hypothalamus in the center of the brain and measures such as contraction or expansion of blood vessels are used in order to adjust body temperature accordingly.

然而，如果暴露在過冷的環境中，這些調節機制就無法發揮作用。
However, exposure to an excessively cold environment means that these adjustments can no longer be performed.

*寒冷環境：寒冷的室外氣候、冷藏、濕衣服、冷水等
*Cold environment: cold outdoor climate, cold storage, wet clothing, cold water, etc.

 

失溫如何分類?
How is hypothermia classified?

失溫可分為輕度、中度和重度三種。
Hypothermia can be divided into three types: mild, moderate, and severe.

失溫通常根據體溫進行如下分類。
Hypothermia is generally classified as follows in accordance with body temperature.

隨著體溫下降，死亡率會增加。
The mortality rate increases as the body temperature falls.

失溫會出現哪些症狀？
What kind of symptoms appear with hypothermia?

輕度失溫症狀是「寒顫」。隨著低溫症的進展，症狀會發生變化，並變得更加嚴重。
The representative symptom of mild hypothermia is "shivering". As hypothermia progresses the symptoms change and become severer.

以下將根據體溫過低的類型，解釋體內發生的變化。
The following is an explanation of the changes that occur within the body depending on the type of hypothermia.

失溫的開始
Onset of Hypothermia

• 當體溫開始下降時，首先體溫中樞和周邊機制開始運作，試圖透過交感神經的作用將體溫恢復到36℃以上，從而引起血管收縮、心動過速、寒顫、四肢冰冷、過度換氣和排尿過多。
When body temperature starts to fall, fi rst the body temperature center and peripheral mechanisms come into operation, attempting to return body temperature to above 36℃ through the action of sympathetic nerves, causing vasoconstriction, tachycardia, shivering, cold extremities, hyperventilation and excessive urination.

35 - 32℃：輕度失溫
35 - 32℃: Mild hypothermia

• 主要抑制中樞神經功能，降低認知能力，損害判斷力。
Mainly suppresses function of the central nervous system, reducing cogitative capabilities and impairing judgment.

• 還會使感覺遲鈍。
Also makes feelings slow and sluggish.

• 出現明顯的顫抖。
Shivering becomes apparent.

32 - 28℃：中度失溫
32 - 28℃: Moderate hypothermia

• 中樞神經系統受到極度抑制，會損害意識，甚至導致昏迷。
Extreme suppression of the central nervous system impairs consciousness and can lead to coma.

• 心律不整，心輸出量減慢。
Heartbeat goes into arrhythmia and cardiac output slows.

• 呼吸受阻，導致氧氣和二氧化碳無法交換，血液中的氧氣含量下降。
Suppression of breathing means that oxygen and carbon dioxide cannot be exchanged, and oxygen levels in the blood fall.

• 神經系統、心臟和肺部以外的其他器官功能也會受到影響。
Functions of organs other than the nervous system, heart and lungs are also affected.

• 消化系統功能也會下降，導致腸阻塞，肌肉僵硬，無法活動。
Functioning of the digestive system is also reduced, causing intestinal obstruction, and muscles become rigid and unable to move.

• 血液和代謝系統出現障礙，會抑制肝臟、腎臟和胰臟等器官的功能。
Impediments to the blood and metabolic systems suppress the action of organs such as the liver, kidneys and pancreas.

低於28℃：嚴重失溫
Lower than 28℃: Severe hypothermia

• 昏迷、呼吸衰竭、心臟衰竭和低血壓都可能在短時間內發生。
Coma, respiratory failure, heart failure and low blood pressure can all occur in a short period of time.

• 雖然每個人的情況不同，但仍有康復的機會。應立即進行復甦。
Although each case is diff erent, there is still a chance of recovery. Resuscitation should be performed immediately.

低於22℃
Lower than 22℃

• 呼吸停止。
Breathing stops.

低於20℃
Lower than 20℃

• 立即引發心臟衰竭。
Immediate heart failure.

如上所述，失溫主要表現為神經系統、呼吸系統和骨骼肌相關的症狀，這些症狀應該比較容易觀察。而血液和代謝系統相關的症狀較難察覺。
As seen above, hypothermia mainly appears with symptoms relating to the nervous system, respiratory system and skeletal muscle, all of which should be relatively easy to observe. Symptoms relating to the blood and metabolic systems are harder to notice.

考慮到所有這些因素，請從可能患有失溫症的角度觀察周圍的人。
Taking all of these points into account, observe those around you from the perspective of their potentially suffering from hypothermia.

你也應該以自己的身體狀況作為判斷的依據。

You should also use your own body as a basis for making judgements. 

3.3 導致失溫的情況
Conditions that Cause Hypothermia

海員在什麼情況下會發生失溫？
Under what kind of circumstances can seafarers suffer from hypothermia?

導致遠洋船舶船員失溫的潛在原因包括「落入海中」、「在海上漂流」、「在甲板上寒冷環境中工作」和「在船上冷藏庫內工作」。
Potential causes of hypothermia for the crew of a seagoing vessel include“falling into the ocean,”“being adrift in the ocean, “working in a cold environment on deck,” and“working inside onboard cold storage.

失溫的主要原因是外界溫度下降。在外界溫度低於10 - 15℃的環境中，人體很難維持36-37℃的正常體溫。
The primary cause of hypothermia symptoms is a decrease in external temperature. In an environment with an external temperature below 10 - 15℃, it can become diffi cult for the human body to maintain the regular body temperature of 36 - 37℃.

然而，即使在允許的外界溫度範圍內，長時間暴露、衣物狀況、營養狀況、慢性疾病等因素仍會增加失溫的風險。
However, even within the permissible range of external temperature, the risk of hypothermia can still increase as a result of extended exposure, clothing conditions, nutritional conditions, the presence of chronic disease and other factors .

每個海員的個人身體狀況也會有影響嗎？
Can the individual physical conditions of each seafarers also make a difference?

是的，每位海員的身體狀況都會有所不同。請您務必小心。
Yes, the individual physical conditions of each seafarers can make a difference. Please take all due care.

當工作和生活帶來的疲勞累積時，海員可能會感到精疲力竭，患上肺炎、流感或其他疾病，或長時間睡眠不足，更容易發生體溫過低；因此，需要格外小心。
When fatigue from work and lifestyle accumulates, seafarers may feel exhausted, suffer from pneumonia, influenza or other illness, or go for long periods with insufficient sleep, they are more prone to developing hypothermia; hence, extra caution is required.

飲酒後不進食也會降低身體的產熱能力，使人更容易發生體溫過低。
Failure to eat after drinking alcohol also reduces the body's capacity to generate heat and makes a person more likely to develop hypothermia.

患有糖尿病、慢性心肺疾病或內分泌疾病的人也更容易發生體溫過低，因此應格外小心。
Sufferers of diabetes, chronic cardiopulmonary disease or endocrine disease are also more likely to develop hypothermia, so caution should be paid accordingly.

 

3.4 拯救及治療失溫患者
Saving and Treating Hypothermia Victims

如果海員落入海中，首先要做什麼？
What is the first thing to do if a seafarers falls into the ocean?

最重要的是盡快把他們救出水面！如果他們停止呼吸，立即進行人工呼吸。
The most important thing is to get them out of the water as quickly as possible! If they have stopped breathing, perform artificial respiration.

溺水者在海裡待的時間越長，存活的機率就越低。如果無法迅速將溺水者從冰冷的海水中救出，死亡率會非常高。
The longer a person is left exposed in the sea, the lower their chances of survival. The mortality rate climbs very high if they are not pulled quickly out of the cold seawater.

如果溺水者已昏迷，首先要恢復呼吸功能。進行心肺復甦術，同時向溺水者口中吹氣五次(雖然通常吹兩次，但如果溺水導致呼吸衰竭，吹五次更為合適，以清除呼吸道阻塞)。
If the victim has drowned, securing respiratory function must be the first step. Start by administering cardiopulmonary resuscitation while blowing five times into the mouth of the victim, (while two times is the generally accepted practice, in the case of respiratory failure due to drowning, five times is more suitable in order to clear the airway obstruction).

如果溺水者的心跳停止，請以每分鐘100 - 120次的頻率進行心臟按摩。如果您有自動體外心臟去顫器(AED)也可以使用。(但是，如果體溫較低，在攝氏32 - 35度之間，則只能使用一次AED)。
If the drowning victim's heart has stopped, perform heart massage at a rate of 100 - 120 times per minute. If you have an AED, then you may use that. (However, if body temperature is low, in the 32 - 35℃ degree range, you may use an AED only once).

一旦心肺功能恢復，接下來至關重要的則是保暖。
Once cardiopulmonary recovery has been achieved, next it is vital to warm the body.

如何才能快速辨識出因落海以外的原因而出現體溫過低的海員？
What can be done in order to quickly identify seafarers who have developed hypothermia for reasons other than falling into the ocean?

失溫的早期識別需要「自己注意」和「透過第三方觀察識別」。
The early identification of hypothermia requires“ noticing for yourself” and "identification through observation by a third party".

除了實際落海之外，海員還可能因「在海上漂流」、「在甲板上寒冷的環境中工作」以及「在船上冷藏室工作」等因素而面臨失溫的風險。在這些情況下，失溫會逐漸發展，個人及其周圍的人很可能察覺不到。
Apart from actually falling into the ocean, seafarers are at risk of hypothermia due to such factors as "being adrift in the ocean," "working in a cold environment on deck" and "working inside onboard cold storage." As hypothermia proceeds gradually under these circumstances, it is more than possible for individuals themselves and those around them to not notice it's advance.

例如，即使您感到「有點冷，身體感覺遲鈍」、「無法集中注意力」和「我就是沒有力氣」等感覺，您仍然可能不會懷疑自己是失溫，從而導致因體溫過低發展成更嚴重的症狀。
For example, even if you experience feelings such as "I'm kind of cold and my body feels sluggish," "I can't concentrate" and "I just don't have any energy" you still may not suspect hypothermia, allowing it to proceed into more serious symptoms.

如果您周圍的人也注意到你「有些異常」，他們需要詢問您是否處於有失溫風險的環境中，密切觀察您的情況並做出適當的判斷。這樣才能在為時已晚之前進行救援。
If the people around you also notice that "something about you is different," they need to ask if you have been in a situation placing you at risk of hypothermia, observe you closely, and make a suitable judgment. This can lead to rescue before it is too late.

自我觀察和他人觀察的要點
Key Points for Noticing Yourself and Observing by Others

自我觀察和他人觀察的要點包括「疲憊的表情」、「遲鈍的動作」、「遲鈍的情緒」、「判斷力下降」、「對問題反應遲鈍」和「身體冰冷」。
Key points for noticing in yourself and by others are such things as an "exhausted expression," "sluggish movements," "dulled emotions," "impaired judgement," "slow response to questions" and "cold body".

尤其需要注意的是，正如本手冊前面概述的那樣，您應該牢牢記住因體溫變化而出現的症狀。
In particular, you should maintain a firm understanding of the changes in symptoms due to body temperature as outlined earlier in this Manual.

心肺復甦術後應進行哪些急救處理？
What kind of emergency treatment should be provided after cardiopulmonary resuscitation?

急救處理的基本方法是「換掉濕衣服」、「抬到溫暖的地方」和「提高體溫」。
The basics of emergency treatment are "change out of wet clothing," "carry to a warm place" and "raise body temperature.

無論失溫是由於落海還是其他原因造成的，最好的恢復方法就是「暖身」。為此，首先需要將患者置於溫暖的環境中(保溫)。
Whether hypothermia is caused by falling into the ocean or other factors, the best method for recovery is to "warm the body." In order to achieve this, first the victim needs to be placed in a warm environment (heat retention)

完成後，需要立即開始升高患者的體溫(升溫)。
After achieving that, you will need to immediately begin increasing the body temperature of the victim (warming).

在此過程中，應以每小時0.5 - 2℃的速度升溫，而不是一次性升溫。這是因為體溫快速升高也容易引起休克。
During this step you should increase the temperature at a rate of 0.5 - 2℃ per hour, rather than all at once. This is because a rapid increase in body temperature can also induce shock.

此外，雖然這裡介紹的順序是「先保溫，後升溫」，但實際上這些步驟應該幾乎同時進行。
Furthermore, while the order presented here is "heat retention first, followed by warming," these steps should actually be performed almost simultaneously.

如果患者可以進食或飲水，食物和飲料也能有效提高體溫。
If the victim is in a condition that allows eating or drinking, food and drink are also effective to raise temperature.

保溫
Heat Retention

• 立即將濕衣服換成乾衣服。
Immediately change wet clothes into dry clothing.

• 將傷者轉移到溫度在21 - 25℃之間的房間，用毯子和保暖衣物保暖。
Move the victim to a heated room at 21 - 25℃ and warm using blankets and warm clothing.

• 如果手邊沒有毯子之類的物品，可以使用任何可以禦寒的東西，包括報紙、紙板、塑膠袋和睡袋。
If you don't have items like blankets at hand, use anything and everything that can shut out the cold, including newspapers, cardboard, vinyl and sleeping bags.

提高體溫
Raising Body Temperature

• 使用熱水袋、熱敷貼等加熱材料，僅加熱患者軀幹(腹部、胸部、背部、頸部周圍)。
Use heating materials such as hot water bottles and thermal patches to heat just the trunk of the victim's body (stomach, chest, back, around the neck).

• 避免加熱患者的四肢。加熱四肢會導致手腳的低溫血液回流到心臟，導致核心體溫驟降，引發心臟性休克(復溫休克)。
Avoid heating the victim's extremities. Heating the extremities will cause cold blood from the hands and feet to circulate into the heart, suddenly lowering core temperature and causing cardiac shock (rewarming shock).

• 相同的原因，無需按摩患者的手腳。
For the same reason, there is no need to massage the victim's hands and feet.

• 熱敷時，小心低溫燙傷。
When applying heat, be careful of low temperature burns.

• 也可以將患者放入溫水浴(40 - 45℃)中，但除非有監測體溫的設施，否則不建議這樣做。
The victim can also be placed in a bath of warm water (40 - 45℃), but unless you have access to facilities for monitoring body temperature, this approach is not recommended.

利用食物和飲料提高體溫
Raising Body Temperature Using Food and Drink

• 建議提供溫熱且易於食用的食物和飲料，例如溫甜湯或熱湯。巧克力和其他甜食也很有效(葡萄糖和碳水化合物是有益的，因為它們吸收迅速，而蛋白質和脂肪則有害，因為它們吸收緩慢)。
It is advisable to off er warm and easy to eat food and drink such as warm sugar broth or soup. Chocolate and other sweet foods are also effective (glucose and carbohydrates are good because they are absorbed quickly, while protein and fats are bad because they are absorbed slowly).

• 酒精、咖啡和茶會促進尿液分泌。這會導致脫水，因此不應過量飲用。
Alcohol, coffee and tea promote the production of urine. This can lead to dehydration, so they should not be provided in excess.

• 不要讓受害者吸煙。
Do not allow the victim to smoke.

• 如果受害者失去意識，請勿提供食物和飲料。
Do not off er food and drink if the victim is unconscious.

一旦一個人從體溫過低中恢復意識，他/她是否應該被允許走動？
Once a person has recovered consciousness from hypothermia, should he/she be allowed to move around?

在患者恢復意識後的一段時間內，突然活動患者的肌肉會導致冷血流入心臟，引發心律不整或休克，因此禁止按摩或活動患者。
In the period immediately after the victim has regained consciousness, suddenly moving the person's muscles will cause cold blood to fl ow into the heart and lead to arrhythmia or shock, so massaging them or having them move around is prohibited.

不要讓患者走動或運動！
Do not let the person walk around or do exercise!

* 但是，當體溫恢復至32 - 35℃並穩定後，即可自由活動。
However, once body temperature has returned to 32 - 35℃ and stabilizes, it is fi ne for the person to move around.

緊急處理後下一步該怎麼做？
What is the next step after emergency treatment?

原則上，您應該諮詢專科醫生。
In principle, you should consult a specialist (doctor).

如果緊急處理沒有完全生效，請盡可能繼續採取措施，同時尋求無線電醫療諮詢或向最近的陸地醫療機構請求海上救援。
If emergency treatment does not seem to have had a full effect, continue to perform as many measures as possible while seeking radio medical consultation or requesting maritime rescue from the closest land-based medical facility.

• 即使症狀似乎有所改善，也請注意以下幾點。
Even if the symptoms appear to have improved, be mindful of the following points.

• 失溫的症狀可能會消退，受害者可能看起來恢復了健康，但器官內部仍在發生的內部變化，仍可能會導致病情突然改變。
The symptoms of hypothermia can recede, and the victim can appear to be healthy again, but internal changes still happening inside organs can cause sudden change in condition.

• 血液異常、心律不整、血壓變化以及肺部呼吸功能的變化都可能導致死亡，這意味著在罹難者被送往醫院之前，仍需要進行觀察(整體表情和與醫生交談時的反應)。
Blood irregularities, arrhythmia, changes in blood pressure and changes in the respiratory functions of the lungs can all lead to death, meaning that observation (overall expression and responses when talked to) is required until the victim can be taken to a doctor.

• 應觀察罹難者的生命徵象(意識程度、呼吸狀態和呼吸頻率、脈搏和直腸溫度)，並記錄排尿情況等以供參考。
The victim's vital signs (consciousness level, state of breathing and breathing frequency, pulse and rectal temperature) should be observed, and state of urination, etc. be recorded for reference.

要辨別體溫過低患者的假死和真死狀態非常困難。即使患者心肺衰竭持續較長時間，仍有一些病例尚未發生腦死，仍有復甦的可能。因此，在尋求專科醫生幫助之前，務必持續進行緊急救生，切勿放棄。在患者體溫恢復32 - 35℃之前，切勿停止心肺復甦術或觀察。

 

3.4 失溫預防
Prevention of Hypothermia

為了預防失溫，我們可以做些什麼？
What can we do in order to prevent hypothermia?

預防失溫的基礎是充分了解失溫的原因和症狀，並做好防寒措施。關注海員的工作環境和身體健康也有助於預防。
The basics of hypothermia prevention are to have a thorough knowledge of the causes and symptoms of hypothermia and to thoroughly protect against the cold. Paying due attention to the working environment of seafarers and their physical health can also aid in prevention.

以下幾點有助於預防失溫。
The following points can help to prevent hypothermia.

• 徹底準備衣物以防受寒
thorough preparation of clothing to prevent the cold

在低溫環境下工作時，應準備齊全的衣物，包括保暖內衣、手套、帽子和防寒服。
When working in low temperatures, a full range of clothing should be prepared, including thermal underwear, gloves, hats and cold resistant clothing.

使用拋棄式保暖貼也很有效。
The use of disposable thermal patches is also effective.

• 避免長時間在低溫環境下工作
Not working for many hours in low temperatures

經常更換工作崗位，盡可能縮短在低溫環境下工作的時間。
Change assigned duties frequently, keeping work times in low temperatures as short periods as possible.

• 保持船內溫度
Maintenance of temperature inside the vessel

在船內、工作區域、住艙等處保持適當的溫度。
Maintain a suitable temperature inside the vessel, in working areas, cabins, etc.

• 透過餐點提供充足的營養
Provision of sufficient nutritional intake from meals

在透過充足的飲食保持健康的同時，避免因暴飲暴食而損害健康和降低體力。
While maintaining health by eating sufficient meals, avoid damaging health and lowering stamina due to excessive drinking or eating.

• 透過充足的休息緩解疲勞
Relieve exhaustion through sufficient rest

避免因長時間工作或睡眠不足而導致疲勞累積。
Avoid the accumulation of exhaustion due to long working hours or insufficient sleep.

• 充分了解失溫
Full understanding of hypothermia

充分了解失溫可以幫助您識別並避免潛在的風險，或在症狀惡化之前發現並阻止症狀。這些知識也有助於預防和及早發現周圍人的失溫。
Having a full understanding of hypothermia allows you to realize and avoid the potential risks, or to notice and halt symptoms before they become too far advanced. This knowledge can also lead to prevention and early discovery of hypothermia in the people around you.

最終，衣物是預防失溫的最佳方法。
Clothing is ultimately the best way to prevent hypothermia.

原則上，您可以參考寒冷季節登山時使用的防護服。
In principle, you can take reference from the kind of protective clothing used in mountain climbing in cold seasons.

這些防護服包括以下幾種。
These kinds of clothing include the following.

參考文獻：海上控制失溫的指南
Reference: Guidelines for Controlling Hypothermia at Sea

 

低溫相關資料
Hypothermia Related Materials

1. 水溫與時間長度的關係
Relationship Between Water Temperature and Length of Time
意識可以在水中維持(F. Golden R.N.)
Consciousness Can be Maintained in Water (F. Golden R.N.)

 

2. 水溫、意識喪失與生存時間之間的關係
Relationship Between Water Temperature, Loss of Consciousness and Survival Time

 

3. 在水中使用「HELP」(減低失溫姿勢)姿勢
Using the“HELP” (Heat Escape Lessening Posture) Position in the Water

• 體溫在水中下降的速度比在空氣中快25倍。
Body temperature can fall 25 times faster in water than in air.

• 水溫、體型、脂肪含量、水中運動等因素都會影響存活。
Factors such as water temperature, body size, volume of fat and movement in the water all influence survival.

• 在水中移動身體會大幅加速體溫下降。除非附近有人試圖救你，否則不要四處游動。
Moving your body in the water greatly accelerates decline of body temperature. Unless there is someone nearby trying to save you, do not move around.

• 頭部散熱很快，所以盡量保持頭部露出水面。
Heat is lost rapidly from the head, so try to keep it out of the water as much as possible.

• 身體露出水面的部位越多，散熱量就越少，生存機會就越大。
The more of your body you can keep out of the water, the less volume of heat will be lost and the higher your chances of survival.

• 採用HELP姿勢(如上圖)，將手臂和腿靠近身體，如果附近還有其他人，可以互相摟住肩膀，這樣可以增加生存機會。
Using the HELP position (as shown above) to keep your arms and legs close to you and, if there are other people nearby, wrapping your arms around each other's shoulders, will increase your chances of survival.