船上安全訓練手冊 - 第二章 個人求生與安全

船上安全訓練手冊
Shipboard Safety Training Manual

尚作仁船長 編撰 Compiled by Captain David Shang

第二章 個人求生與安全

Chapter 2 Personal Survival And Safety

2.1 緊急逃生呼吸裝置(EEBD)的使用

Use of EEBD

本船配備符合「國際海上人命安全公約」(SOLAS)第II-2章第13/4.3條規定的緊急逃脫呼吸裝置(EEBD)。該裝置經船旗國或其主管機關批准，可在船上使用。

This vessel carries Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBDs) in compliance with Regulations 13/4.3 of Chapter II-2 of SOLAS. The units are approved for use aboard this vessel by the flag State or by a competent authority on its behalf.

EEBD是一種輕巧、緊湊且自給式的壓縮空氣或氧氣源，旨在協助人員從存在或疑似存在危險氣體的艙室安全撤離。

An EEBD is a lightweight, compact and self-contained source of compressed air or oxygen designed to assist in the safe evacuation of a person from a compartment that has, or is suspected as having, a hazardous atmosphere.

所有EEBD均設計為快速佩戴，通常可在30秒內完成，並具有至少10分鐘的呼吸儲備。

All EEBDs are designed to be rapidly donned, typically in less than 30 seconds, and have a breathing reserve of at least 10 minutes.

緊急逃脫呼吸裝置並非設計用於取代自給式呼吸器。EEBD僅供緊急撤離使用。

Emergency escape breathing devices are NOT intended to replace self- contained breathing apparatus. An EEBD is for emergency evacuation use only.

根據相關規定，EEBD應位於戰略位置，並應為通常在機艙或其他適當區域內工作的人員提供足夠的數量。

Under the regulations, EEBDs are to be strategically located and provided in sufficient quantity for the number of persons normally working within the machinery space(s) or other appropriate areas.

訓練目的EEBD必須進行標記並與其他EEBD區分開。

The training purpose EEBDs must be marked and separated from the normal EEBDs.

 
Figure 2-1 緊急逃生呼吸裝置

EEBD

EEBD的位置顯示在「消防控制圖和救生裝備圖」上。

The location of the EEBDs are shown on the “Fire control plan & Life saving plan”.

Figure 2-2 IMO EEBD 安全標誌和收納盒

IMO Safe Sign and storage box for EEBDs

例行檢查

Routine Checks

所有逃生裝備必須每月檢查一次，這是強制性要求。

It is a mandatory requirement that all escape apparatus shall be checked at monthly intervals.

例行檢查包括以下內容：

Routine checks consist of the following:

1 檢查氣壓計指針是否位於綠色區域，表示氣瓶已充滿氣。
Check that the contents gauge needle is in the green sector, showing that the cylinder is fully charged. 

2 檢查收納袋是否清潔且完好無損。
Check that the bag is clean and undamaged.

3 檢查防改標籤是否到位且完好無損。
Check that the anti-tamper tags are in place and unbroken.

4 檢查氣瓶袋開口是否暢通無阻。
Check that access to the bag is unobstructed.

5 檢查快速啟動帶和插銷是否安裝到位。
Check that the quick fire strap and pin are in place.

 

任何未通過上述檢查的設備都必須停止使用，並送回維修中心進行維護或維修。
Apparatus that fails any of these checks must be withdrawn from use and returned for workshop service or repair.

使用方法
Instructions for use

1. 從即用型儲存箱中取出EEBD，並將頸帶繞在脖子上，使袋子上的圖示朝外。
Lift EEBD from the ready-to-use store and place the neck-strap around the neck so that the pictogram on the bag is outermost.

2. 握住收納袋，拉起蓋板，拔出撞針。聆聽是否有空氣流入面罩。
Hold the bag and pull the flap to withdraw the firing pin. Listen for air flowing into the hood.

如果沒有聲音，請檢查撞針是否已完全拔出。
If there is no sound, check that the firing pin is fully withdrawn.

3. 如果撞針仍在原位，拉動黃色皮帶即可釋放撞針。
If the firing pin is still in place, pull the yellow belt to free the pin.

 

4. 如果仍然沒有聲音，請找出減壓/氣瓶閥並拉動紅色緊急拉盤。
If there is still no sound, access the reducer/cylinder valve and pull the red EMERGENCY PULL disc.

 

5. 將面罩從收納袋中拉出。
Pull the hood from the bag.

 

6. 將雙手掌心合攏，穿過頸部橡膠密封圈。
Place the palms of the hands together and insert through the rubber neck seal.

張開雙手即可打開帽子。

Open the hands to open the hood.

 

7. 將頸封的面罩套在頭頂上方，然後向下拉，直到頸封完全包覆頸部。檢查是否有衣物或頭髮卡在頸封。
Hold the hood with the neck seal over the crown of the head and pull the hood down over the head until the neck seal is around the neck. Check that clothing or hair is not trapped in the neck seal.

 

8. 檢查頭罩內是否有穩定的氣流。
Check that there is a steady flow of air into the hood.

 

9. 正常呼吸。立即離開危險區域。
Breathe normally. Leave The Hazard Area Immediately.

注意：
NOTE:

當氣瓶即將用完時，會發出警告哨聲。超過此限度，頭罩內的二氧化碳含量將會增加，必須在安全的情況下盡快取下頭罩。
When the cylinder is almost empty the warning whistle sounds. Beyond this point carbon dioxide within the hood will increase and the hood must be removed as soon as it is safe to do so.

裝置使用過後，必須送回維原廠重新充填氣瓶。
Once the apparatus has been used it must be returned to be serviced and have the cylinder re-charged.

 

使用後清潔

After use Cleaning

注意：請勿將頭罩或減壓閥/氣瓶閥門浸入水中。液體不得進入面罩內。
Caution: DO NOT immerse the hood or reducer/cylinder valve. Fluid must not enter the inner mask.

1 使用乾淨的無絨布沾取Distel™溶液(Scott Safety提供1公升和5公升兩種規格)和溫水，擦拭頭罩和收納袋表面。(製造商建議)
Wipe the surface of the hood and bag using a clean lint-free cloth moistened in a solution of Distel™ (available from Scott Safety in 1 litre and 5 litre containers) and warm water. (Maker’s suggestion)

2 讓頭罩和背袋自然風乾，避免陽光直射和高溫。
Allow the hood and bag to dry naturally away from direct heat and sunlight.

3 使用Scott Safety提供的Distel™衛生濕紙巾消毒頸部密封。(製造商建議)
Disinfect the neck seal using a Distel™ hygienic wipe, available from Scott Safety. (Maker’s suggestion)

4 使用Scott Safety提供的Exxene™除霧濕紙巾擦拭面罩。(製造商建議)
Use an Exxene™ de-misting wipe, available from Scott Safety, to polish the visor. (Maker’s suggestion)

 

2.2 離船

Leaving the Ship

在任何情況下，最好坐在救生艇筏上棄船。如果無法做到，其次是利用登艇梯、逃生繩或使用已妥善繫固的消防皮龍，登上母船旁的救生艇筏。

In all circumstances it is preferable to abandon the ship by survival craft. If this is not possible the next best method is to use an embarkation ladder or a suitable escape rope or fire hose and board the survival craft alongside.

儘管漂浮的救生筏能夠承受從其艇底至少4.5公尺的高度反覆跳下，無論是否搭起頂篷，仍應格外小心，避免乘員受傷。

Although a floating liferaft is capable of withstanding repeated jumps from heights of at least 4.5 m above its floor, both with and without the canopy erected, great care should be taken to avoid injury risks to occupants.

切勿直接跳入救生艇。這不僅會危及自身安全，還會危及其他乘員的生命安全。

Never jump into a lifeboat. Besides risking serious injury to yourself, you will put the lives and safety of other occupants at risk.

若發生緊急棄船事件，人員必須跳離船舶，務必採取以下正確措施：

In the event of an urgent ship abandonment where persons have to jump clear of the ship, it is vital that the correct actions are taken:

1 靠近救生艇筏跳下並儘快登筏。
Jump close to the survival craft and board as quickly as possible.

2 請記住 - 穿著救生衣時，建議的最大跳下高度為4.5公尺。
REMEMBER - the maximum recommended jumping height when wearing a lifejacket is 4.5 metres.

跳水前，請採取以下預防措施：

Before jumping, take the following precautions:

1 穿上救生衣並繫緊。雙臂交叉放在胸前，將救生衣牢牢固定。
Keep lifejacket on, securely tied. Hold it down by crossing arms over chest.

2 用一隻手摀住口鼻。
Block off nose and mouth with one hand.

3 Keep feet together.
雙腳併攏。

4 Ensure it is clear to jump and look ahead when jumping.
跳水前確認水面清爽，並目視前方。

 

2.3 個人求生

Personal Survival

如果發生棄船事故，船上的資訊來源以及定期訓練和操演中獲得的實務經驗，將確保所有船員獲得最大的生存機會。

In the event of ship abandonment, sources of information contained on board combined with the practical experience gained during regular training sessions and drills will ensure all members of crew are given the best possible chance of survival.

請記住，在獲救之前，您都不是倖存者！

REMEMBER, YOU ARE NOT A SURVIVOR UNTIL YOU ARE RESCUED!

 

2.4 救生艇筏的初始行動

Initial Actions in the Survival Craft

成功登上並放下救生艇筏並不能保證生存，尤其是在波濤洶湧的大海和寒冷的天氣中。經驗表明，必須盡快採取關鍵行動，以最大限度地提高生存機會。這些行動優先於其他行動，可以用四個關鍵字來記住：

The successful boarding and launching of a survival craft does not guarantee survival, particularly in rough seas and cold weather. Experience indicates that vital actions must be taken as soon as possible to maximise the chances of survival. These actions have priority over others and can be memorised by the use of four key words:

集結 - 放流 - 關閉 - 維持

MARSHAL - STREAM - CLOSE - MAINTAIN

集結
MARSHAL

集結救生艇筏。使用您的救生艇或救援艇將救生筏和其他救生艇筏拖離母船。

MARSHAL survival craft. Use your lifeboat or the rescue boat to tow liferafts and other survival craft clear of the ship.

集結救生艇筏形成一個群體。將救生艇筏聚在一起，並用至少15公尺長的繩子彼此繫緊。如果救生艇筏形成一個群體，則更容易共享設備和物資。

Marshal survival craft to form a group. Join up and secure survival craft together using at least 15 metres of line between each. If survival craft are assembled in a group, the sharing of equipment and supplies is made easier.

一個救生艇筏群體也將為搜尋者提供了更大的搜尋目標。

A group of survival craft also provides a much larger target for searchers.

救援水中傷患

Rescue of Injured Persons in the Water

協助水中傷患登上救生艇。使用救生衣的牽引環將傷者拖曳至救生艇。救生艇上的人員也可以向游泳者拋擲救援環來提供幫助。

Assist injured persons in the water to board the survival craft. Use the lifejacket's towing loop to tow an injured person to the survival craft. Persons in the survival craft can assist by throwing swimmers the rescue quoit.

當傷者靠近時，將其翻轉，使其背靠救生艇，並利用救生衣的浮力將其拉上來。救生艇上的兩個人可以分別抓住傷者的腋下和肩膀，在拉上艇之前，可以先在水中上下擺盪幾次。水中人員可以透過保持傷者直立並在被拉上救生艇時推其腿部來提供幫助。

When an injured person is alongside, turn them so their back is against the survival craft and use the lifejacket's buoyancy to assist with pulling them in. This can be done by two people in the survival craft gripping under the person's arms and on top of the shoulders and dunking several times before lifting the person in. People in the water can help by keeping the injured person upright and by pushing on the legs as the person is lifted inboard.

 

放流

STREAM

放流海錨或減速傘。當救生艇筏集結完畢並離開母船後，放出海錨。海錨會在水中打開，有助於降低漂移速度，使救生艇更加穩定(減少顛簸)，並防止快速漂離尚在水中的人員。這也能防止救生艇偏離遇險母船的位置過遠，以避免偏離最大搜尋範圍。

STREAM the sea anchor or drogue. When clear of the ship and survival craft are assembled, stream the sea anchor. This will open in the water and helps to reduce the drift rate, thus making the survival craft more stable and will prevent drifting rapidly away from persons in the water. It will also prevent the survival craft from moving an excessive distance from the distress position of the parent ship and thus from the area of maximum search.

救生筏海錨

Liferaft Sea Anchor

將救生筏的減速傘繩繫固在筏入口側的某個位置。當減速傘繩放出後，救生筏將順風漂流，直到減速傘繩被拉緊。拉緊的減速傘繩可以使筏入口與盛行風浪保持一定角度，並且由於減速傘繩向下的拉力，可以抵抗任何傾覆力矩，因此也有助於抵抗救生筏的任何傾覆趨勢。備用減速傘和繩存放在應急包內。

A liferaft has the drogue line permanently attached at a point to one side of one of the raft entrances. When the drogue is streamed the liferaft will drift downwind until this line tightens. The taut line has the effect of keeping the raft entrances at an angle to the prevailing wind and waves and will also help to resist any tendency of the liferaft to capsize, since any capsizing moment is resisted by the downward pull of the line. A spare drogue and line are stored in the emergency pack.

救生艇海錨

Lifeboat Sea Anchor

應將海錨纜繩和導錨索(如有)的末端固定在救生艇上，纜繩穿過艇艏的導纜孔將海錨放出，導錨索應有足夠的鬆弛度，以確保海錨的開口端朝向救生艇。在惡劣天氣條件下，應以可控制的方式放長纜繩(例如在艇艏羊角纏繞八字)。

The ends of the hawser and tripping line (where fitted) should be secured in the boat, the hawser passed through the fairlead in the bow and the sea anchor paid out with sufficient slack in the tripping line to ensure that the open end of the sea anchor is facing the boat. In adverse weather conditions the hawser should be slacked down under control e.g. by taking a turn round the forward thwart.

在長時間使用海錨期間，應在纜繩穿過導纜孔處纏繞適當保護物，或定期收放纜繩，使纜繩在導纜孔摩擦部分經常變換，以防止纜繩磨損。

During prolonged use of the sea anchor the hawser should be protected from chafe by wrapping something suitable round it where it passes through the fairlead or by slacking it down periodically to expose a fresh part of the hawser to the fairlead.

 

關閉

CLOSE

關閉救生艇入口。在寒冷天氣下，應關閉封閉式救生艇的入口和其他開口，並在半封閉或開放式救生艇上安裝防風罩和可折疊式頂篷。

CLOSE the survival craft entrances. In cold weather close up the entrances and other openings on enclosed survival craft, and rig exposure cover and foldable canopies on partially enclosed or open types.

應關閉救生筏入口，並使用應急包中提供的手動泵為筏底充氣。乘員們的體溫將會使救生筏內部迅速升溫。如果救生筏的主浮力筏體裝有內部洩壓閥且在洩壓時，請勿關閉入口，直到閥門停止排氣為止，否則筏內二氧化碳氣體會累積。在綁入口封條時，請務必使用活結，以便在救生筏傾覆時能輕鬆打開。

Liferaft entrances should be closed and the raft floor inflated with the hand pump provided with the emergency pack. The body heat of the occupants will then rapidly warm the interior of the liferaft. If the liferaft is fitted with internal pressure relief valves for the main buoyancy tubes, do not close the entrances until the valves have stopped venting or there will be a build up of CO₂ gas in the raft. Ensure slip knots are always used when tying doorway tapes so they can be easily opened if the raft capsizes.

在熱帶氣候下，入口可能不太需要完全關閉，除非在夜間天氣變冷，因為此時您主要是保持涼爽，以減少因出汗而流失的體液。開放式或部分封閉式救生艇應安裝遮蔽物和可折疊式頂篷。這些遮蔽物可提供乘員遮蔭區域，同時確保充足的通風。

In tropical climates it is unlikely that entrances will need to be fully closed, except at night when it can become cold, since your major need will be to remain cool in order to reduce fluid loss by perspiration. Exposure covers and foldable canopies should be rigged on open or partially enclosed survival craft. These provide areas of shade for the occupants, while allowing adequate ventilation.

 

維持

MAINTAIN

維持救生艇處於良好狀態。將設備整齊存放，以免在海浪洶湧或翻船時遺失。收集所有有用的漂浮物。舀出並吸乾積水。

MAINTAIN the survival craft in good condition. Keep equipment neatly stowed so that it cannot be lost in the event of heavy seas or a capsize. Gather up any useful floating debris. Bail and sponge out any water.

檢查救生筏是否有洩漏或損壞，並使用應急包中提供的修理工具堵住並修復洩漏。請記住，在黏貼受損區域的修補材料時，務必保持筏體及修補材料完全乾燥，否則無法永久黏固。

In a liferaft, check for leaks or damage and plug and repair leaks with the repair kit provided in the emergency pack. Remember that permanent patches cannot be applied over damaged areas until the raft material is completely dry.

如果可能，請使用救生艇將救生筏拖離母船並集結它們。繫纜索固定點或韁繩〔註〕是連接拖纜的最佳位置。如果繫纜索完好無損，則應將其用作拖纜；否則，請使用物品包中的備用減速傘索。

If possible use lifeboats to tow liferafts clear of the ship and marshal them. The painter attachment point or bridle is the best place to attach a towline. If the painter is intact this should be used as a towline, otherwise use the spare drogue line in the stores pack.

〔註〕 如何安裝韁繩

How to rig a bridle

韁繩(紅色)固定在小艇的絞盤上，並繞過艇艏和艇舯的繫纜樁(個繞一圈)將其向前牽引。繩端的環需要位在小艇中心線上。
The bridle (red) is secured on the boat’s primary winches and led forward with 360 degree turns around bow and midships cleats. A loop in the end needs to be on the centreline.

 

韁繩只需繞在艇艏和艇舯的羊角上，即可在負載下伸縮張力。

The bridle line is simply looped around the bow and spring cleats so it can surge under load.

韁繩兩端由主絞盤固定，這是小艇上最堅固的部件之一。
The ends of bridle are made-fast on the primary winches, which are among the strongest points on boat.

2.5 救生艇筏內的次要行動

Secondary Actions in the Survival Craft

前述行動是必要的緊急行動。完成後，應盡快採取以下行動，但無需遵循優先順序。

The actions previously described are essential immediate actions. When they have been completed the following actions should be taken as soon as possible, although not necessarily in any order of priority.

領導

Leader

通常由一名高級船員負責，但如果缺席，則應根據倖存者群體的專業知識和能力任命或選舉一名領導。

A senior Officer will normally take charge but if absent a leader should be appointed or elected, bearing in mind the expertise and ability of the group of survivors.

點名

Roll Call

必須對倖存者進行點名，以確定找到更多倖存者的可能性、可供輪值的人數、受傷人數以及可用的專業知識。

It is essential to have a roll call of survivors in order to establish the likelihood of further survivors being found, the numbers available for watches, the numbers injured and the available expertise.

搜尋倖存者

Search for Survivors

派出瞭望員，聆聽哨聲並搜找倖存者、信號燈、其他救生筏、船舶或飛機的燈光。瞭望員應對其職責進行適當的簡報，內容包括收集有用的殘骸、如何保持瞭望、分區搜索、使用繩索和手環協助援救倖存者、操縱救生艇筏、使用視覺信號以及何時使用它。

Post lookouts, listen for whistles and look for survivors, signalling lights and lights of other rafts, ships or aircraft. Lookouts should be properly briefed in their duties regarding the collection of useful debris, how to keep a lookout, sector searches, using the quoit and line to assist survivors, manoeuvring the survival craft and the use of visual signals and when to use them.

照護受傷的倖存者

Caring for Injured Survivors

保持傷患呼吸道暢通並控制出血。必要時，請使用急救箱並按照提供的說明進行處理。

Maintain a clear airway and control any bleeding. Treat as necessary using the first aid kit and the provided instructions.

緩解暈船

Seasick Remedy

眾所周知，即使是最優秀的水手，上了救生艇也會暈船。為了執行救生程序，你需要具備良好的體能和精神，因此儘早服用暈船藥至關重要。

Survival craft are known to make even the best sailors seasick. In order to carry out survival procedures you need to be physically and mentally capable, thus it is imperative to take seasickness pills as early as possible.

暈船不僅僅是一種心理障礙。它也可能流失寶貴的體液。暈船藥本身也容易使倖存者感到昏昏欲睡，並伴隨口乾。應抑制飲水的衝動。

Seasickness is not only a psychological handicap. Valuable body fluid may be lost. The pills themselves will tend to make survivors feel lethargic and suffer from a dry mouth. The urge to drink should be resisted.

排水

Bailing Out

使用提供的排水器吸乾積水，並用海綿擦乾。盡量保留一塊海綿，專門用於擦拭冷凝水，以補充淡水。

Remove any water with the bailers provided and dry out with sponges. Try to save one sponge for the express purpose of mopping up condensation in order to supplement water supplies.

尖銳物體

Sharp Objects

在救生筏中，請妥善保管尖銳物體或潛在武器。

In a liferaft, collect sharp objects or potential weapons.

必須特別注意穿鞋，因為鞋子雖然能為雙腳提供最佳保護，但也可能刺穿救生筏。在某些情況下，鞋底的摩擦會損壞救生筏的面料。

Special care must be taken regarding footwear as it affords the best protection to the feet but may puncture the raft. In some cases the friction from composition soles of shoes has been known to cause damage to the raft fabric.

求生指南

Survival Instructions

乘員應盡快閱讀求生手冊，以便救生筏上的每個人都能獲得盡可能多的指導。

Occupants should read the survival book as soon as possible in order that everyone aboard the craft gets as much guidance as possible.

排尿

Passing Water

應鼓勵所有倖存者在登船後兩小時內排尿，以避免日後因尿滯留而出現問題。

Within two hours of boarding the craft all survivors should be encouraged to pass water in order to avoid later problems due to urine retention.

 

2.6 救生艇筏上的後續行動

Subsequent Actions in the Survival Craft

前述初始和次要行動將有助於應對倖存者面臨的直接威脅。下文詳述後續的行動將有助於建立救生艇筏日常作業。

The previously described initial and secondary actions will help combat immediate threats to survivors. The subsequent actions detailed below will assist in establishing a survival craft routine.

日常作業

Routine

建立日常作業並分配倖存者任務，例如，配給員、瞭望員、維修隊、舀水員。最重要的是讓所有倖存者保持專注，同時避免不必要的勞累。這一點在棄船後約三小時尤其重要，因為據研究發現，此時士氣和求生意志均處於低谷。

Establish a routine and allocate duties to survivors, e.g., ration keeper, lookouts, repair party, bailers. It is most important to keep the minds of all survivors fully occupied whilst avoiding unnecessary exertion. This is needed especially about three hours after abandonment as it has been found that this is the time when morale and the will to survive reaches a low ebb.

水和食物

Water and Food

除了意識清醒的傷者外，在最初的24小時內不要發放任何口糧。需要注意的是，兒童比健康成人更容易中暑和失水，因此可能需要及早注意口糧和防風雨的措施。

Do not issue any rations during the first twenty-four hours except to conscious injured people. It should be borne in mind that children are likely to suffer from heat and fluid loss far more quickly than a healthy adult and so may require earlier attention with respect to rations and protection from the elements.

衛生安排

Sanitary Arrangements

為了保持救生艇的舒適性，必須安排好排便設施。在平靜的海面上，應設置排泄管，以便乘員在救生艇舷外排尿。在波濤洶湧的海面上，則必須使用諸如舀水器之類的容器，並應盡快清空和清洗。

In order to maintain the habitability of the survival craft, arrangements must be made for the passing of feces and urine. In calm conditions, lines should be rigged to allow occupants to urinate and defecate over the side of the survival craft. In rough seas, use must be made of receptacles, such as the bailers, which should be emptied and washed as soon as possible.

當值

Watches

一般來說，當值人員應兩人一組，每次值班約四小時，一人瞭望艇外，另一人看護艇內。

As a general rule, watches should be set in pairs for about four hours at a time with one person on outside lookout and the other on watch inside the survival craft.

外部瞭望員應穿著適當衣物，盡可能做好風雨防護，並在發生意外事故時堅守在救生艇上。該員負責瞭望船舶、倖存者、飛機、陸地和任何可能的危險，並收集有用的殘骸。

The person on outside lookout should be suitably dressed and protected as far as possible from the elements, as well as being secured to the survival craft in case of accident. This person is responsible for keeping a lookout for ships, survivors, aircraft, land and any possible dangers as well as collecting useful debris.

內部當值員負責救生艇的維護(排水、通風和引擎維護/維修)，並在其他人員休息時監督救生艇的狀況。這包括照顧受傷者、收集雨水以及照顧設備和貴重物品。

The person on the inside is responsible for the maintenance of the survival craft (bailing, ventilation and engine maintenance/repairs) as well as supervising the survival craft management while the others rest. This includes attending to injured persons, collecting rainwater and looking after equipment and valuable items.

在封閉式救生筏上的倖存者應確保每半小時通風幾分鐘，以排出可能積聚在筏篷內的二氧化碳氣體。

Survivors in a closed down liferaft should ensure that it is ventilated for a few minutes every half an hour to vent any CO₂ gas that may have built up inside the canopy.

定位和救援輔助設備的準備

Preparation of Aids to Location and Rescue

請考量下列事項：

Consider the following:

1. 準備好可用的視覺訊號。

Prepare visual signals for use.

2. 準備好可用的SOLAS無線電設備。

Prepare SOLAS radio equipment for use.

3. 盡快啟動緊急無線電示位標(EPIRB)和緊急搜救雷達信標(SART)。

Activate the EPIRB and SART as soon as possible.

4. 確保瞭望員已得到適當的指導，並隨時準備視覺訊號。

Keep properly briefed lookouts with visual signals to hand at all times.

5. 救生艇筏集結會增加被發現的機率。

Groups of survival craft will increase the probability of being spotted.

6. 架設金屬雷達反射器。另外值得注意的是，弄濕救生艇的頂篷或圍擋會增加雷達偵測距離。

Deploy the metal radar reflector. It is also worth noting that wetting the survival craft canopy or enclosure will increase radar detection range.

防護 - 寒冷氣候

Protection - Cold Climates

將通風調節到最低限度，並擠在一起取暖，盡可能保持溫暖乾燥。

Keep as warm and dry as possible by adjusting ventilation to the minimum required and by huddling together for warmth.

濕衣服應盡可能擰乾。當每個人都感到溫暖時，應敞開防寒外套，利用體溫來溫暖救生艇內部 - 每個人都會散發熱量。

Wet clothing should be wrung out as much as possible. When everybody is warm oilskins should be opened up so that body warmth is used to warm the survival craft - every person radiates heat.

進行一些簡單的運動，例如伸展四肢、活動指尖和腳趾，以避免凍傷。這將有助於保持血液循環，但不會浪費能量。

Carry out simple exercises such as stretching limbs and wriggling fingertips and toes in order to avoid cold injury. This will help to maintain blood circulation but will not waste energy.

為避免瞭望員過度暴露在救生艇外的寒冷環境中，可透過較頻繁的輪調當值，。擠在一起時必須小心，不要擾亂小艇的平衡。乘員應盡可能均勻分佈。

Avoid the excessive exposure of lookouts to cold conditions outside the survival craft by frequently rotating watches. Care must be taken when huddling together not to upset the trim of the boat. Occupants should be distributed as evenly as possible.

防護 - 炎熱氣候

Protection - Hot Climates

在炎熱天氣下，請確保封閉式救生艇的所有入口和開口均保持暢通。在開放式和部分封閉式救生艇上，應搭建遮陽篷，並將側面敞開以保持通風。透過潤濕遮篷外部保持救生艇內部涼爽，並透過潤濕衣物並待在遮篷陰涼處保持乘員涼爽。

In hot conditions ensure that all entrances and openings in enclosed survival crafts are open. On open and partially enclosed boats, erect canopies to provide shade and leave sides open to provide ventilation. Keep the survival craft cool by wetting the outside of the canopy and keep occupants cool by wetting clothing and staying in the shade of the canopy.

乘員不應試圖游泳，否則可能無力重新登上救生艇。救生艇下的陰涼處也可能潛伏著鯊魚。

Occupants should not be tempted to go swimming or they may not have the strength to re-board the survival craft. There may also be sharks lurking in the shade under the survival craft keel.

盡可能避免不必要的用力，以防止因過度出汗而流失寶貴的體液。

If possible, avoid unnecessary exertion, to prevent loss of valuable body fluids by excessive perspiration.

救生衣

Lifejackets

救生艇上的人員必須隨時穿著救生衣。若為了救治傷患或更換乾燥衣物而脫下救生衣，應盡快更換。

Survival craft occupants must always wear a lifejacket. If a lifejacket is removed to treat an injured person, or to change into dry clothing, it should be replaced as soon as possible.

士氣與求生意志

Morale and the Will to Survive

寒冷、暈船、焦慮、口渴和飢餓等因素，都會對求生意志產生不利影響。歷史經驗表明，擁有強大求生意志的人能夠克服看似不可能的困難。因此，對於救生艇艇長來說，最重要的是保持士氣，讓倖存者有事可做，並對最終獲救保持信心。

The effects of cold, seasickness, anxiety, thirst and hunger all combine to work against the will to survive. Case histories have shown that people with a strong will to survive have overcome seemingly impossible difficulties. Therefore it is most important for the survival craft leader to keep up spirits, to keep survivors occupied and to maintain confidence in eventual rescue.

定量配給指南

Rationing Guidance

在一天中的特定時間(日出、中午、日落)發放水和食物。為了鼓舞士氣，公平分配食物至關重要。

Issue water and food at set times during the day - sunrise, mid-day, sunset. It is most important for morale purposes that rations be seen to be issued fairly.

救生艇上每配備人3公升淡水，救生筏上每人配備1.5公升淡水。

The water rations provided consist of 3 litres of fresh water per person in a lifeboat and 1.5 litres per person in a liferaft.

如果還有其他水源可用，請先保留這些定額配備的淡水，因為它們可以長保新鮮。

Save this water if other sources of water are available, since it will stay fresh indefinitely.

登艇前，盡可能用有螺旋蓋的塑膠容器收集淡水。在救生艇上時，也要收集雨水。

Before embarkation collect as much water as possible in screw topped plastic containers. Also collect rain water when in the survival craft.

化學脫鹽的淡水也可以作為另一種水源。除了傷者和其他大量體液流失的人員外，在最初24小時內不應給水。

Fresh water from a chemical desalting apparatus may be another source of supply. No water should be given for the first 24 hours, except to the injured and others who have lost a lot of body fluid.

此後，每人每天應攝取0.5公升(一罐)水。任何人的飲水量都不應少於此量，除非剩餘的供應量不足以提供每個人一罐水，在這種情況下，應改為每兩天一罐水。每天喝三次水，漱口後再飲用，因為口腔會變乾。

Each person should have 0.5 litre (one can) of water per day thereafter. No-one should have less than this, unless remaining supplies are insufficient to provide one can of water for each person, in which case one can should be distributed every two days instead. Take water three times a day and swill it around the mouth before drinking it, as this will have become dry.

只有在每人每天至少有1公升淡水的情況下，才可以捕撈和食用魚類、海龜或鳥類。這是因為脂肪和蛋白質在消化過程中會消耗人體必需的胃液，因此如果不補充水分，會加速身體脫水。另一方面，碳水化合物有助於減少體內蛋白質的分解，從而保持水分，因此非常寶貴。請遵循救生艇提供的食物配給說明，並儘可能從母船上攜帶穀物、糖和餅乾。

Only catch and eat fish, turtles or birds if there is enough excess water per person to drink at least 1 litre per day. This is because fats and proteins use essential stomach fluids whilst being digested and will thus accelerate dehydration of the body unless extra fluids are taken. Carbohydrates, on the other hand, help to retain fluids by reducing the breakdown of body protein and are therefore valuable. Follow the food rations instructions provided in the survival craft and if possible bring cereals, sugar and biscuits from the ship.

不要飲用海水或尿液，即使其中混有淡水。海水和尿液中所含的鹽分會在體內積聚，最終可能致命。

Do not be tempted to drink sea water or urine, even if mixed with fresh water. The salts contained in both can build up in the body and can eventually prove fatal.

求生

Survival

斷水可以存活7至10天，斷食可以存活20至30天。因此，在救生艇上，首要任務是保存體液。

It is possible to live without water for between 7 to 10 days and without food for 20 to 30 days. The priority therefore is to preserve body fluids whilst in a survival craft.

體液流失過多的原因包括：

Excessive fluid loss can be caused by:

嘔吐 - 無論是否感到不適，每個人都應盡快服用暈船藥，並服用至少48小時。別忘了船上的醫療櫃裡也備有暈船藥，如果有時間，請在下船前服用一些。如果藥片沒有生效，也請勿超過規定的劑量。任何暈船的人都應將頭埋在兩膝之間，盡量保持體溫。使用拋棄式嘔吐袋有助於防止暈船引發連鎖反應。

Vomiting - each person should take anti-seasickness pills as soon as possible and for at least 48 hours, whether they feel sick or not. Do not forget that there is also a supply of anti-seasickness pills in the ship's medical locker, so take some before leaving the ship if there is time. Do not exceed the stated dose if the pills are not having effect. Any person affected by seasickness should put their head down between their knees and try to keep warm. The use of disposable bags will help stop a chain reaction if a person is being sick.

受傷 - 使用急救包處理出血、燒傷、割傷等傷口。

Injuries - treat bleeding, burns, cuts etc., with the first aid kit.

出汗 - 在炎熱的天氣裡，盡可能保持救生艇的通風。弄濕乘員的衣服以保持涼爽，但要注意鹽水引起毛囊炎(癤)和潰瘍的風險。

Perspiration - in hot weather, ventilate the survival craft as much as possible. Wet the clothing of occupants to help keep cool but be aware of the risks of salt water boils and sores.

待在陰涼處，不要試圖游泳。重新登上救生艇會耗費大量體力，附近可能有鯊魚出沒。不僅如此，救生艇還可能會漂走。總之，盡量多休息。

Stay in the shade and do not be tempted to go swimming. A lot of energy will be expended re-boarding the survival craft and there could be sharks in the vicinity. Not only that, the craft could drift away. In general, rest as much as possible.

 

2.7 健康

Health

倖存者可能還需要處理救生艇環境所帶來的健康問題。

Survivors may have to cope with health problems caused by the survival craft environment.

失溫

Hypothermia

脫掉濕透的外衣，如有乾燥衣物，請更換。為傷患加穿多層衣物，並使用救生衣進行額外保暖。如有浸水衣，請用它防止熱量進一步流失。緊靠傷患有助於恢復其體溫，但切勿搓揉其四肢、飲酒或讓傷患活動。

Strip off wet outer clothing and replace with dry garments if available. Warm the patient by covering with extra layers of clothing and use lifejackets as extra insulation. If a immersion suit is available, use this to help prevent further heat losses. Huddling close to the patient will assist in re-warming, but do not rub his limbs, administer alcohol or allow exertion of the patient.

輕柔處理半昏迷和昏迷傷患，如有需要，進行人工呼吸，並確保呼吸道暢通。嚴重失溫的傷患可能看起來毫無生氣，但不要過早放棄搶救。

Handle semi-conscious and unconscious casualties gently, administer artificial respiration if required and ensure that a clear airway is maintained. Severely hypothermic casualties may well appear lifeless but do not give up resuscitation attempts too soon.

昏迷

Unconsciousness

如果傷患停止呼吸，請進行人工呼吸。止血並定期檢查脈搏和呼吸。將其置於恢復姿態以保持呼吸道暢通。在救生艇中，維持這種姿態可能很困難，昏迷的傷患必須用救生衣墊住，並設法固定。在救生筏中，請注意，昏迷者最容易受到浮力筏體中二氧化碳氣體洩漏的危險。

Provide artificial respiration if the casualty has stopped breathing. Stop any bleeding and check pulse and respiration regularly. Place in the recovery position in order to keep the airway clear. In a survival craft it may be difficult to maintain this and an unconscious patient will have to be wedged with lifejackets and possibly lashed in place. In a liferaft be aware that an unconscious person will be most at risk from the dangers of CO₂ gas leakage from the buoyancy tubes.

昏迷者的衣服應鬆開，假牙和眼鏡應摘除。請勿給昏迷者提供飲料或任何其他物質。當他們恢復意識後，再實施休克治療。

The clothing of an unconscious person should be loosened and false teeth and spectacles removed. Do not give drinks or any other substance to an unconscious patient. Treat for shock when they regain consciousness.

油污

Oil Contamination

油污進入眼睛會導致視力模糊和刺痛。如果吞嚥，會引起噁心和嘔吐。幸運的是，這種影響並不會持續很長時間。

Oil in the eyes blurs the vision and causes them to smart. If swallowed it causes nausea and vomiting. Fortunately the effects are not long term.

在救生艇中，用海水沖洗眼睛，並在眼瞼上塗抹少量凡士林(如果有)。用任何可用的東西擦去身上的油污。處理傷口時，應視作沒有油污。不要試圖用棉花棒將油污從開放性傷口中擦出。

In a survival craft, wash out eyes with sea water and smear a little paraffin jelly (if available) on the eyelids. Wipe oil off the body with anything available. Treat wounds as if the oil was not present. Do not attempt to swab it out of open wounds.

在救援船上，可以給予牛奶或熱甜飲料來舒緩胃部。

On a rescue vessel milk or hot sweet drinks may be given to soothe the stomach.

尿滯留

Urine Retention

這可能很危險，所以要克服最初的尷尬，在因限水而減少尿量之前排尿。如果時間允許，離開母船前要多喝水。如果出現尿滯留，把手懸在水中可能會有所幫助。在救生艇上待一段時間後，尿液會變得混濁、發暗。這是正常現象，無需採取任何措施。

This can be dangerous, so overcome any initial embarrassment and pass water before urine production is reduced by water rationing. If time allows drink plenty of water before leaving the vessel. If retention occurs, dangling your hands in the water may help. After a period in a survival craft urine will appear dark and cloudy. This is normal and no action is necessary.

便秘

Constipation

這是正常現象，因為食物攝取量會大幅減少。無需治療，實際上應該避免使用瀉藥，因為它們可能有害。

This is normal as food intake will be greatly reduced. No treatment is required, in fact laxatives should be avoided at they can do harm.

曬傷

Sunburn

避免過度暴露在陽光下，保持遮蓋。頭部、頸部和其他暴露的部位要遮蓋好。逐漸曬黑可能有益。

Avoid excessive exposure to the sun by keeping under cover. Keep head, neck and other exposed areas covered. A gradually acquired suntan may be beneficial.

鹽水癤子

Salt Water Boils

這是由於皮膚被海水浸濕而引起的。不要擠壓或刺穿癤子。保持癤子清潔，並用乾敷料覆蓋，盡可能保持患處乾燥，以免擦傷。

These are due to the skin becoming sodden with sea water. Do not squeeze or prick boils. Keep them clean and cover with a dry dressing keep the area as dry as possible to avoid chafing.

口乾唇裂

Dry Mouth and Cracked Lips

吞嚥前漱口。吮吸紐扣。如有需要，可在嘴唇上塗抹乳霜或軟凡士林。

Swill water around your mouth prior to swallowing. Suck a button. Smear lips with cream or soft petroleum jelly, if available.

腿部腫脹

Swollen Legs

這種情況很常見，通常是因為長時間保持坐姿所致。獲救後無需治療即可消退。

This is common and due to long periods spent in a sitting position. It will subside without treatment after rescue.

 

2.8 附錄(本船設備詳情及穿戴說明)

Appendix (Own ship’s equipment detail and donning instruction)

Appendix-1 EEBD 穿戴說明

EEBD donning instruction