船上安全訓練手冊 - 第九章 救生筏

船上安全訓練手冊
Shipboard Safety Training Manual

尚作仁船長 編撰 Compiled by Captain David Shang

第九章 救生筏
Chapter 9 Liferafts

 

9.1 一般資訊

General Information

本船配備符合「國際海上人命安全公約」(SOLAS)第三章第31條規定的救生筏。

This vessel is provided with liferafts as appropriate in compliance with Regulations 31 of Chapter III of SOLAS.

救生筏能夠在所有海況下承受30天的暴露，並配有頂篷，以保護乘員免受暴露。所有救生筏均配備符合「國際救生器材章程」(LSA Code)第4.1.5規定的生存、救援和探測設備。

The liferafts are capable of withstanding exposure for 30 days afloat in all sea conditions and all are provided with a canopy to protect the occupants from exposure. All liferafts are provided with survival, rescue and detection equipment in compliance with paragraph 4.1.5 of the International Life-Saving Appliance Code. (LSA Code)

Figure 9-1 IMO救生筏安全標誌
IMO Safe Sign for Liferaft

充氣式救生筏

Inflatable Liferafts

充氣式救生筏由多個充氣浮力氣室、一個筏底和一個頂篷組成。浮力氣室由儲氣系統充氣，多餘的氣體會透過洩壓閥排出。救生筏底由手動氣泵充氣，以提供更好的隔熱效果。充氣式救生筏配有充水壓載袋，以提高穩定性。

Inflatable liferafts comprise a number of inflatable buoyancy chambers, a floor and a canopy. Buoyancy chambers are inflated by a stored gas system, with excess gas vented through pressure relief valves. The liferaft floor is inflated by the manual air pump to provide better insulation. Inflatable liferafts are fitted with water filled ballast pockets to improve stability.

頂篷提供防曬保護，並設有雨水收集點。救生筏充氣時，頂篷支架會自動豎起。

The canopy provides protection against exposure and includes a rain water collection point. The canopy support automatically erects when the liferaft inflates.

救生筏採用高能見度材料製成，配有反光條，並在筏頂安裝手動照明燈。參見圖9-2。Liferafts are constructed from high visibility material with retro-reflective strips and a manually operated light fitted to the canopy top. See Figure 9-2.

Figure 9-2 典型充氣式救生筏
Typical Inflatable Liferaft

充氣式救生筏存放於堅固的容器中，並安裝在方便下水的架子上。所有救生筏容器均可手動釋放，安裝在船艉的救生筏容器配有水壓釋放系統。安裝在船艏的救生筏容器不配備水壓釋放系統；這是為了防止因海水上浪湧入而意外觸發釋放裝置。

Inflatable liferafts are stowed in a rigid container and are fitted on a rack in a convenient location for launching. All liferaft containers can be released manually and those fitted aft have a hydrostatic release system. The liferaft container(s) mounted forward do not have a hydrostatic release system; this is to prevent inadvertent release caused by a heavy sea swamping, and thus triggering the release unit.

Figure 9-3 救生筏容器固定架
Liferaft Container Rack

每艘充氣式救生筏的容器上均標示：

The container of each inflatable liferaft is marked with:

1. 製造商名稱或商標

The maker's name or trade mark

2. 獨立序號

An individual serial number

3. 核准機構名稱及允許載客人數

The name of the approving authority and number of persons it is permitted to carry

4. 適當標明「SOLAS A PACK」字樣

The wording "SOLAS A PACK" as appropriate

5. 隨附應急包類型

The type of emergency pack enclosed

6. 上次維修日期

The date when last serviced

7. 繫固纜長度

Length of painter

8. 水線以上最大允許存放高度

The maximum permitted height of stowage above waterline, and

9. 放筏說明

Launching instructions

Figure 9-4 救生筏標示
Liferaft marks

9.2 下水

Launching

本船配備的手動下水救生筏為水壓力釋放漂浮式。這確保在船舶沉沒時，所有救生筏均能釋放(必要時充氣)並自由漂浮。此降落方式完全自動化，如本章第9.3節所述。

The manually launched liferafts fitted to this vessel is the hydrostatic release, float free type. This ensures that in the event of the ship sinking, all liferafts are released (and inflated if necessary) to float free. This method of launching is fully automatic as described in section 9.3 of this chapter.

 

9.3 水壓力釋放裝置(HRU)

Hydrostatic Release Unit (HRU)

HRU的作用是當船隻沉沒時自動釋放救生筏。當HRU啟動時，無論船舶下沉的角度如何，救生筏都會被釋放並浮至海面展開。HRU的自動操作通常發生在約4公尺的深度。典型的HRU如圖9-5所示。

The purpose of the HRU is to automatically release the liferaft should the vessel sink. When the HRU activates, the liferaft is released to float to the surface of the sea and deploy regardless of the angle at which the ship may be sinking. Automatic operation of the HRU normally occurs at a depth of approximately 4 metres. A typical HRU is shown in Figure 9-5.

Figure 9-5 水壓釋放機制
Hydrostatic Release Mechanism

如果船舶沉沒且HRU啟動，繫固纜將僅透過弱鍊(weak link)與船舶連接。如果水深超過繫固纜的長度，則弱鍊的強度足以使繫固纜從救生筏容器中抽出，啟動救生筏的充氣。充氣救生筏的浮力將導致弱點斷裂，使救生筏自由浮至水面。

If the vessel sinks and the HRU operates, the painter will only be connected to the ship via the weak link. If the water depth exceeds the length of the painter, the weak link is strong enough to allow the painter to be withdrawn from the liferaft container thus initiating the inflation of the liferaft. The buoyancy of the inflated liferaft will then cause the weak link to break, allowing the liferaft to float free to the surface.

救生筏手動釋放

Liferaft Manual Release

可以透過打開滑鉤手動釋放救生筏容器繫固。救生筏將滑入海中，然後拉動繫固纜使救生筏充氣並展開。然而，在繫固纜被切斷或弱鍊斷裂之前，繫固纜仍然透過弱鍊與固定點連接。

The liferaft container lashing can be manually released by opening the sliphook. The liferaft can then be thrown overboard and deployed by pulling the painter. However, the painter is still connected to a strongpoint by the weak link until the painter is cut free or the weak link broken.

9.4 登筏

Boarding

盡量在不弄濕的情況下登上救生筏，若無法在下水前登筏，請沿著登艇梯、逃生繩或萬不得已時，沿著已妥善繫固的消防水皮龍爬下，緩慢入水，雙腳先入水；這可以防止冷休克。如果被迫跳入水中，請採取適當的措施。

Try to board the liferaft without getting wet, but if it is impossible to board before launching, climb down a ladder, escape rope or as a last resort, a suitably secured fire hose. Enter the water slowly and feet first; this will guard against cold shock. If forced to jump into the water, take the appropriate actions.

在爬上救生筏之前，請先做短暫的適應。如果可能，請將母船停在救生筏的上風面。如果船在水中靜止不動，船往下風舷飄移的速度可能比游泳者的速度還快。

Acclimatise for a short period before making for the liferaft. If possible, leave the ship on the windward side. If it is dead in the water, the ship may drift down faster than a swimmer can swim away.

一旦抵達救生筏，請緊緊抓住它，否則它可能會漂走。將手臂穿過抓繩比用手抓住更好，因為在寒冷的環境中，手很容易麻木。

Once a liferaft is reached, cling onto it or it could drift away. Putting your arm through the grablines is better than hanging on with your hands, which can become numb quickly in cold conditions.

登筏

Boarding

救生筏充氣後，務必盡快登艇 - 滿載的救生筏比空載的救生筏穩定得多。首先登筏的人員應坐在迎風面，以最大程度地降低翻覆的可能性。對於老式救生筏，這一點尤其重要，因為它們不像新型救生筏那樣配備高效的壓載艙。

Always board liferafts as soon as possible when they are inflated - a fully loaded liferaft is much more stable than an empty one. First persons to board the liferaft should sit on the windward side in order to minimise the possibility of capsize. This is particularly important with older liferaft designs that do not have such efficient ballast pockets as the newer ones.

協助傷者登筏

Assisting Injured Persons to Board

使用初始行動指南為受傷人員提供援助。

Use the initial actions guidelines to provide assistance to the injured.

 

9.5 救生筏傾覆操演：扶正救生筏

Liferaft Capsize Drill Righting the Liferaft

救生筏可能充氣後倒置或被風浪傾覆。這通常發生在救生筏空載時。如果條件允許，一個人可以從靠近氣瓶的位置爬上救生筏即可將其扶正。緊緊抓住扶正帶或扶正梯，然後站直，將傾斜的救生筏轉向迎風方向。身體向後傾斜，讓救生筏翻過來。

A liferaft may inflate inverted or be capsized by wind and waves. This usually occurs when the liferaft is empty. Given favourable conditions, it can be righted by one person, who should climb onto the raft from a position close to the gas bottle. Grip the righting strap or ladder firmly then stand upright and turn the tilted raft into the wind. Lean back and allow the liferaft to come over.

如果無法遊開，救生筏翻過來時，應保持仰臥姿勢。利用扶正帶或扶正梯從救生筏下方找到出口。這可以防止被救生衣的浮力困在救生筏下方，並確保逃生路線與氣瓶方向相反。

If unable to swim clear, the person should stay on their back in the water as the raft comes over. Use the righting strap or ladder to find the way out from under the liferaft. This will prevent being trapped under the liferaft by lifejacket buoyancy and will ensure escape is on the opposite of the raft to the gas bottle.

救生筏防傾覆預防措施

Liferaft Anti-capsize Precautions

如果減速傘(海錨)處於流動狀態，並且所有乘員都背靠救生筏的側面並抓住筏內的繩索，則滿員救生筏不太可能傾覆。

A fully manned liferaft is unlikely to capsize provided the drogue is streamed and all occupants sit with their backs against the side of the liferaft and hold onto the becketed lines inside the raft.

如果發生傾覆，請記住救生筏會漂浮在水面上，並且內部會留有空氣，因此無需驚慌。請有秩序撤離筏內人員，並進行適當的扶正操演。

If capsize does occur remember that the Liferaft will float high in the water and that air will be trapped inside it - so there is no need to panic. Evacuate the raft in an orderly manner and carry out the appropriate righting drill.

 

9.6 救生筏內的操作

Actions in the Liferaft

救生筏內的初始操作與其他救生艇的初始操作非常相似。差別在於：用「切斷」代替「集結」。

The initial actions in a liferaft are very similar to those for other survival craft. The exception being CUT instead of MARSHAL

切斷 - 流放 - 關閉 - 維持

CUT - STREAM - CLOSE - MAINTAIN

切斷繫固纜。協助其他倖存者登上救生筏，然後用刀切斷繫固纜。刀子位於救生筏入口處靠近繫固纜連接處的一個明顯標記的刀鞘中。

CUT the painter. Assist other survivors to board the liferaft and then cut the painter with a knife which you will find in a clearly marked sheath at the raft entrance closest to the painter attachment.

不要在繫固纜與筏體連接處切斷。切斷前盡可能收回繫固纜，以便能利用繫固纜進行拖曳。

Do not cut the painter where it joins the raft. Take in as much slack as possible before cutting so that the painter may be used for towing.

使用槳操縱救生筏，使其遠離母船舷或水中障礙物。

Use the paddles to manoeuvre the liferaft clear of the ship's side or obstructions in the water.

執行流放、關閉和維持操作。

Carry out the Stream, Close and Maintain actions.

救生筏內的次要操作

Secondary Actions in the Liferaft

初始操作對於防止暴露至關重要。在圓滿完成這些操作後，應盡快採取適當的措施。

The initial actions are essential to combat exposure. When these have been satisfactorily completed, the appropriate actions should be taken as soon as possible.

救生筏上的後續行動

Subsequent Actions in the Liferaft

初始行動和次要行動有助於應對倖存者面臨的直接威脅。應採取適當的行動和建議，以建立救生筏日常工作。

The Initial and Secondary Actions help combat the immediate threat to survivors. The appropriate actions and advice should be taken in order to establish a survival craft routine.

 

9.7 設備和口糧說明

Equipment and Rations Description

每艘救生筏的標準配備包括：

The normal equipment of every liferaft consists of:

1 繫在至少30公尺(100英尺)浮力繩上的浮力救援環

buoyant rescue quoit attached to at least 30 metres (100 feet) of buoyant line

1 以繫索固定的浮柄安全刀(如果救生筏可容納13人或更多人，則需兩把)

buoyant handled safety knife secured by lanyard (two if liferaft accommodates 13 or more persons)

1 浮力舀水器(若救生筏可容納13人或以上，則需配備2個)

buoyant bailer (two if liferaft accommodates 13 or more persons)

2 海綿

sponges

2 海錨(減速傘)，配有纜繩和導流索，其中1個永久固定在救生筏上，1個備用

sea anchors (drogues), with hawsers and tripping lines, one permanently attached to the liferaft and one spare

2 浮力槳

buoyant paddles

3 安全開罐器

safety tin openers

1 裝在防水盒中的急救包

first-aid kit in waterproof case

1 防銹刻度飲水器

rust-proof graduated drinking vessel

1 漁具組

set of fishing tackle

1 食物口糧，總計不少於10,000 kJ，適用於救生筏額定載重量的每位乘客，並裝在密封的防水容器中

food ration totalling not less than 10,000 kJ for each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate, in an airtight, watertight container

1.5 公升罐裝淡水，適用於另一位救生筏額定載重量的乘客。

1.5 Litres of canned fresh water for each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate.

6 救生筏載客量每人6顆暈船藥。

Anti-seasickness pills for each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate.

1 救生筏載客量每人1個暈船嘔吐袋。

Seasickness bag for each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate.

救生筏載客量10%的防曬衣，或至少2件。

Thermal protective aids sufficient for 10% of the liferafts complement, or minimum of 2.

1 緊急行動指南

instructions for immediate action

1 生存指南

survival instructions

1 防水的救生信號卡裝在防水容器中。

Copy of life saving signals on a waterproof card in a waterproof container

除上述物品外，充氣式救生筏還應配備：

In addition to the above items, inflatable liferafts will also be provided with:

1 用於修補浮力氣室破孔的修理裝備

repair outfit for repairing punctures in buoyancy compartments

1 手動充氣幫浦或抽吸管

manual topping up pump or bellows

 

9.8 探測設備

Detection Equipment

清單

Inventory

每艘救生筏均配備以下設備，以協助搜救單位進行探測：

Each liferaft is equipped with the following devices that will aid detection by SAR units:

1 防水手電筒，配有備用電池和備用燈泡，並置於防水容器中

waterproof electric torch with spare set of batteries and a spare bulb in a waterproof container

1 哨子或等效聲音訊號器

whistle or equivalent sound signal

1 信號鏡，並附有向船舶和飛機發出信號的使用說明

signalling mirror with instructions on its use for signalling to ships and aircraft

4 符合LSA Code 3.1的火箭降落傘信號彈

rocket parachute flares complying with paragraph 3.1 of the LSA Code

6 符合LSA Code 3.2的手持信號彈

hand flares complying with paragraph 3.2 of the LSA Code

2 符合LSA Code 3.3的浮力煙霧訊號

buoyant smoke signals complying with paragraph 3.3 of the LSA Code

1 雷達反射器(除非救生筏內裝有救生筏雷達應答器)

radar reflector (unless a survival craft radar transponder is stowed in the liferaft)

防水手電筒

Waterproof Electric Torch

適用於發送摩斯信號。配備備用電池和燈泡。

This is suitable for morse signalling. A spare set of batteries and a bulb are provided.

哨子

Whistle

救生衣中也配有哨子。哨子的作用範圍有限，尤其是迎風方向。

Whistles are also provided in lifejackets. They have a limited range particularly in an upwind direction.

信號鏡

Signalling Mirror

一種手持式小型鏡子，用於將太陽光線反射至救援單位。其作用範圍有限，但效果顯著。

A small hand held mirror used to reflect the suns rays towards a rescue unit. It has a modest range but is very effective.

煙火

Pyrotechnics

1. 紅色火箭降落傘信號彈

red rocket parachute flares

2. 紅色手持信號彈

red hand held flares

3. 浮力煙霧信號

buoyant smoke signals

其他設備

Other Equipment

救生筏還可配備手提式無線電設備、雷達應答器(SART)和/或緊急無線電示位標(EPIRB)。

Liferafts may also be provided with portable radio apparatus, a survival craft radar transponder (SART) and/or an EPIRB.

 

9.9 海錨

Sea Anchors

救生筏海錨或減速傘的作用有兩個：減少風力造成的漂移，以及增強救生筏在海上航行的穩定性。救生筏配備兩個海錨，一個永久安裝，另一個備用。安裝好的海錨固定在救生筏上，使救生筏能夠以最穩定的方式迎風漂泊，並且筏篷開口不會正對風向。

The purpose of a liferaft sea anchor or drogue is twofold, i.e. to reduce wind induced drift and to contribute to the stability of the liferaft in a seaway. Two sea anchors are provided. One is permanently rigged and the other is a spare. The rigged anchor is secured to the raft so that the liferaft will lie oriented to the wind in the most stable manner and the canopy opening will not be facing directly towards the wind.

救生筏海錨通常呈錐形，頂端無開口。它們由一種多孔且略硬的合成材料製成。它們相對容易回收，無需安裝導流索。繫繩的設計旨在防止海錨從繫繩中滑出並被纏繞。參見圖9-6。

Liferaft sea anchors are normally conical in shape without an opening at the apex. They are made from a synthetic, porous and slightly stiff material. They are relatively easy to recover and do not require to be fitted with a tripping line. The bridle is designed to prevent the sea anchor tumbling through the bridle and fouling. See Figure 9.6.

海錨的使用

Sea Anchor Use

棄船後，應在救生筏離開母船後放下安裝好的海錨。海錨也可以協助運轉救生筏，將其朝向想要前進的方向拋出，然後再拉回。

Following an abandonment, the rigged sea anchor should be deployed when the liferaft has cleared the ship. It can assist in manoeuvring the liferaft away from the ship by throwing it out in the direction of travel and then hauling it in.

在波濤洶湧的大海中，海錨有助於減少救生筏的漂移，並透過充水壓載水袋的作用提高救生筏的穩定性和降低救生筏傾覆的風險。

In heavy seas the sea anchor helps reduce liferaft drift and supplements the effect of the water ballast pockets by improving the liferafts stability and reducing the risk of the liferaft being capsized.

在寒冷的天氣條件下，海錨的安裝位置應使救生筏的入口與盛行風向成直角。在炎熱的天氣條件下，海錨的安裝位置應使救生筏的入口與盛行風向一致。這樣，救生筏的入口就可以打開，讓涼風吹進來。

In cold conditions the sea anchor is rigged so that the liferaft entrances are turned at right angles to the prevailing wind. In hot conditions the sea anchor is rigged so that the liferaft entrances are in line with the prevailing wind. The liferaft entrances may then be opened to allow a cooling breeze to pass through.

Figure 9-6 救生筏海錨使用
Use of Liferaft Sea Anchor

9.10 充氣式救生筏的修理

Repairs to Inflatable Liferafts

總則

General

充氣式救生筏包含一套小型修理工具，其中包含一些用於臨時堵住小裂口的合成塞子，以及橡膠修補劑和黏膠，以便能像修理內胎一樣修理救生筏。工具內附有完整的說明。堵住漏水時，請盡量用小的塞子，並且不要擰得太緊，否則可能會撕裂織物。

Inflatable liferafts contain a small repair outfit comprising a number of composition plugs which are used to temporarily plug small tears, and rubber patching and solution so that the raft may be repaired in the same manner as the inner tube of a pneumatic try. Full instructions are contained in the outfit. When plugging a leak use the smallest possible plug and do not screw it in too tightly or it may tear the fabric.

針孔漏氣修理

Pin Hole Leak Repairs

徹底擦乾待修理表面。

Thoroughly dry off the surface to be repaired.

用砂紙徹底清潔受損區域周圍的救生筏織物表面。

Thoroughly clean surface of liferaft fabric around damaged area using emery paper.

塗抹一層橡膠黏膠，待其乾燥後再塗抹第二層。待第二層乾燥後再貼上補丁。

Apply one coat of rubber solution, allow to dry then apply a second coat. Allow that coat to dry before applying the patch.

大孔和小裂口修理

Large Holes and Small Tears Repairs

用適當的堵漏劑堵住孔洞，同時依上述方法處理救生筏織物表面。

Plug hole with a suitable leak stopper whilst preparing the surface of the liferaft fabric as above.

給救生筏打氣

Topping up the Liferaft

等待20分鐘使補丁黏合，然後再給救生筏打氣。

Allow twenty minutes for patch adhesion before topping up the liferaft.

 

9.11 健康

Health

救生艇和救生筏均配備急救箱，其中包含基本急救資訊，救生手冊中也提供了相關指導。

Lifeboats and liferafts have a first aid kit which includes basic first aid information and there is also guidance in the survival manual.

救生艇筏上的人員可能會受到某些健康問題的影響。

There are particular health concerns which may affect personnel in survival craft.

 

9.12 探測與救援

Detection and Rescue

探測與救援涵蓋的主題與救生艇相同。

The topics covered by Detection and Rescue are the same as for lifeboats.

 

9.13 保養與維修

Maintenance and Repair

充氣式救生筏在存放位置時無法進行內部檢查。檢查和維修應將救生筏送回製造商或製造商授權的維修機構進行。
It is not practicable to carry out internal inspections on inflatable liferafts when they are in a stowed position. Inspections and servicing are carried out by returning the liferaft to the manufacturer, or manufacturer's authorised service agents.

所有充氣式救生筏容器均清楚標示上次檢修的日期。安全官負責確保救生筏在適當的時間送廠進行檢修。

All inflatable liferaft containers are clearly marked with the date of the last service. The Safety Officer is responsible for ensuring liferafts are returned for servicing at the appropriate time.

必須定期檢查剛性救生筏、充氣式救生筏容器、救生筏固定裝置和自由漂浮裝置是否有磨損或損壞的跡象。安全官負責救生筏的檢查和保養。

Rigid liferafts, inflatable liferaft containers, liferaft mountings and float free arrangements must be inspected for signs of wear or damage at regular intervals. The Safety Officer is responsible for the inspection and care of liferafts.

救生筏、救生筏容器或自由漂浮裝置的維修只能由製造商或製造商授權的廠商進行。

Repairs to liferafts, liferaft containers or float free arrangements must be carried out ONLY by the manufacturer, or by persons authorised by the manufacturer.