船上安全訓練手冊 - 第十二章 救援方法

船上安全訓練手冊
Shipboard Safety Training Manual

尚作仁船長 編撰 Compiled by Captain David Shang

第十二章 救援方法
Chapter 12 Methods of Retrieval

 

12.1 醫療救援

Medical Retrieval

醫療救援是指救援隊將重症病人或受傷患者從船上轉移到陸上醫院的過程。

Medical retrieval is the process of a rescue team transfers critically ill or injured patients from a ship to a hospital on land.

 

12.2 直升機作業

Helicopter Operations

很少有船舶適合直升機作業，因此應仔細考慮緊急直升機作業的最佳位置。

Few ships are ideally suited for helicopter operations and therefore very careful thought should be given to the best position for emergency helicopter operations.

典型的緊急情況可能包括：接送生病或受傷的海員、送醫生上船，船舶失事時送修理專家或對船舶安全至關重要的設備上船。

Typical emergencies may include, taking off a sick or injured seaman, landing a doctor on board, or perhaps landing a repair specialist or some piece of equipment vital to the safety of a disabled ship.

這些緊急作業通常需要在安全的旋翼作業區內。在這種情況下，船上必須尋找一個最高的、沒有障礙物的區域，以便直升機可以安全地操縱並懸停在該區域上方。

These emergency operations usually involve winching within a safe winching area. In such cases, the ship must look for the highest area clear of obstructions to which a helicopter can safely manoeuvre and over which it may safely hover.

旋翼作業區應盡可能靠近船舷，在直升機操縱區域內，障礙物的高度不得超過3公尺。必須放倒或移除天線、支架和旗桿等障礙物。如可能，應在船舶兩側各選擇一個位置，以便在船舶無法配合風向運轉時，能讓直升機選擇有利風向的一側。

The winching area should be as near to the ship's side as possible and there should be no obstructions greater than three metres in height in the area in which the helicopter will manoeuvre. Obstructions such as aerials, stays and flagstaffs must be lowered or removed. If possible, two positions should be selected, one on each side of the ship, to allow for wind direction if the ship is unable to manoeuvre.

選擇最安全的直升機旋翼作業區域後，應將附近任何高大障礙物的上部塗上顯眼的顏色。但不應試圖做永久性標記，因為這樣做可能會與其他常規的旋翼作業區混淆。

Having chosen the safest position(s) for emergency helicopter winching operations, the upper parts of any tall obstacles in the vicinity should be painted in a conspicuous colour. No attempt should be made to mark the emergency winching area permanently as by so doing it may be confused with a winching area for routine operations.

如果無法做出上述任何安排，應考慮(在天氣和其他安全考慮允許的情況下)使用救援船或救生艇進行作業。對於此類作業，救生艇應位於下風處。此類作業對於僅搭載全封閉式救生艇的船舶可能並不可行，只有在沒有其他切實可行的替代方案時才應考慮。

Where none of these arrangements can be made, operations should be considered (weather and other safety considerations permitting) with a rescue boat or lifeboat. For this type of operation, the boat should be positioned to leeward. Such operations, which may not prove practicable with ships which carry only totally enclosed lifeboats, should only be considered when there is no practical alternative.

 

12.3 直升機安全

Helicopter Safety

直升機從懸停位置緊急降落時，不太可能撞穿船舶主甲板。如果直升機在甲板上起火，船舶的消防設施應足夠應付。

A helicopter making an emergency landing from the hover position is unlikely to penetrate the ship's main deck. If a helicopter were to catch fire on deck the ship's fire fighting facilities should be adequate.

在正常情況下，直升機/船舶的作業，直升機引擎不會停止。如果在緊急情況下需要停止旋翼，飛行員通常會在停止旋翼之前關閉引擎並切斷所有電源。

In normal circumstances during helicopter/ship operations a helicopter's engines will not be stopped. If it is necessary to stop the rotor in an emergency, the pilot will normally stop the engines and switch off all electrical power before stopping the rotor.

 

12.4 船上安全預防措施

Shipboard Safety Precautions

在開始任何直升機作業之前，負責的船副應確保已採取正確的安全預防措施，參與作業的船員已聽取簡報，並且船舶處於適合接收直升機的位置。

Prior to commencing any helicopter operations, the Officer responsible is to ensure that the correct safety precautions have been taken, crew members are briefed, and the vessel is in a suitable position to receive a helicopter.

 

12.5 升降倖存者的設備

Devices for Hoisting and Lowering Survivors

吊帶

Lifting strop

這是將人員絞上直升機最常使用的裝置。將吊索套在頭部和手臂上，將帶襯墊的帶子繫在腰部，再將繩套拉向佩戴者，收緊帶子。然後，配戴者應伸直手臂，雙手在背後緊握。

This is the most common device used for winching personnel onto helicopters. The strop is pulled over the head and arms, the padded strap is placed in the small of the back, and the toggle is pulled towards the wearer to tighten the straps. The arms should then be held straight, and the hands clasped behind the back.

Figure 12-1 直升機吊帶
The Helicopter Lifting Strop

救援吊環

Rescue sling

這是與救援吊帶類似的裝置，使用方法也相同。

This is a similar device to the rescue strop and it is used in the same way.

救援籃

Rescue basket

無需任何特殊措施，倖存者只需爬進去，坐下並抓住即可。

This does not require any special measures, the survivor simply climbs in, sits down and holds on.

救援網

Rescue net

這是一個錐形裝置，一側開口，倖存者只需進入開口，坐在網內並抓住即可。

This is a conical shaped device open one side, the survivor merely enters the opening, sits in the net and holds on.

救援擔架

Rescue litter

這本質上是一個剛性框架。

This is essentially a rigid frame stretcher.

救援座椅

Rescue seat

這看起來像一個帶有扁平錨爪或座椅的三叉錨。倖存者跨坐在座椅上，雙臂環繞著座椅柄。可供兩人使用。(救援者與倖存者)

This looks like a three-pronged anchor with flat flukes or seats. The survivor sits astride the seat with his arms wrapped around the shank. Suitable for two persons. (Rescuer and Survivor)

請參閱圖12-2直升機救援裝置

See Figure 12-2 Helicopter Retrieval Devices

Figure 12-2 直升機救援裝置

Helicopter Retrieval Devices

12.6 直升機救援

Helicopter Rescue

通常情況下，吊索會被放入靠近救生艇的水中。然後，直升機會拖曳纜繩越過救生艇。纜繩和吊索應手動或用船鉤拉入救生艇。

Normally, the strop will be lowered into the water close to the lifeboat. The helicopter will then trail the cable over the lifeboat. The cable and strop should be pulled in to the lifeboat manually or with a boat hook.

請勿在吊索下降時試圖抓住它，因為直升機會產生大量靜電，這些靜電會透過絞盤纜繩讓人觸電。應讓吊索進入水中，使靜電接地後再接觸吊索。

Do not attempt to grasp the strop as it is descending because helicopters generate a considerable charge of static electricity, which is earthed through the winching cable. Allow the strop to enter the water so that the charge is earthed before touching it.

請勿將吊索或纜繩固定在救生艇上。這可能會損壞直升機或導致救生艇傾覆，也可能導致纜繩斷裂，無法立即進行救援。

Do not secure the strop or cable to the lifeboat. This may damage the helicopter or may cause the lifeboat to overturn. It may also cause the cable to break, making immediate rescue impossible.

倖存者將由直接從開放式救生艇或部分封閉式救生艇的開放式甲板區域吊起。

Survivors will be lifted directly from open lifeboats or from the open deck area of partially enclosed lifeboats.

在封閉式救生艇上，倖存者應依照救生艇艇長的指示，前往救生艇的開口區域進行吊起。

On enclosed lifeboats, survivors should make their way to the opening area of the lifeboat for lifting, as instructed by the lifeboat leader.

當吊索正確就位後，應向直升機機組人員發出訊號，表示人員已準備好被吊起。此訊號透過伸出手臂並以「豎起大拇指」的手勢發出。一旦收到該訊號，倖存者應立即擺出吊起姿勢，雙臂伸直，雙手背在身後。

When the strop is correctly in place, a signal should be made to the helicopter crew indicating that the person is ready to be lifted. This signal is given by extending the arm and giving the `thumbs up' sign. As soon as this signal is acknowledged, the survivor should adopt the lifting position with the arms straight and the hands clasped behind the back.

被絞盤吊起時，請勿試圖抵擋或抓住直升機的零件，並始終保持吊起姿勢。切勿試圖爬入直升機，機組人員會協助將倖存者拉上直升機。

During winching do not attempt to fend off or grasp parts of the helicopter, remain in the lifting position at all times. No attempt should be made to climb into the helicopter, the crew will draw survivors into the helicopter.

受傷的患者必須有人協助穿上吊帶。當吊帶正確就位後，救生艇艇長應向直升機機組人員比出「豎起大拇指」的手勢。

Injured survivors must be assisted to don the strop. When it is correctly in place, the lifeboat leader should give the `thumbs up' sign to the helicopter crew.

健全的倖存者應在吊起的初始階段穩定傷患，以免其撞到敞開的艙口邊緣。

Able-bodied survivors should steady the injured person during the initial stages of lifting so as not to strike the edges of the open hatchway.

未經直升機機組人員指示，請勿嘗試拆除吊索。倖存者必須遵守直升機機組人員在絞盤作業前、作業中和作業後的指示。

Do not attempt to remove the lifting strop until instructed to do so by the helicopter crew. Survivors must obey the instructions given by the helicopter crew before, during and after winching.

 

12.7 高空繩索技術

The High Line Technique

直升機絞盤鋼索的最大長度通常為93公尺(300英尺)，但也可能只有18公尺(60英尺)。在惡劣天氣下，可能無法將船員和/或吊索直接下放至甲板。在這種情況下，應先將絞盤鋼索的延長繩下放至船上。參見圖12-3。

The maximum length of a helicopter winch wire is normally 300 feet (93 metres) but may be only 60 feet (18 metres). In bad weather it may not be possible to lower the crewman and/or strop directly to the deck. In such a case a rope extension of the winch wire will be lowered to the ship. See Figure 12-3.

延長繩應由船員操作，並在直升機放出絞盤鋼索時整理鬆弛的延長繩。延長繩應盤繞在甲板上，不得有任何障礙物。參見步驟1。延長繩索也不得繫固在船上。

The extension should be handled by a crew member and the slack taken in as the helicopter pays out the winch wire. The rope should be coiled down on deck clear of snags. See step 1. The rope must not be made fast.

當絞盤鋼索完全放出後，直升機將移至船側下降。直升機下降時，船員應繼續收緊繩索/鋼索，直到吊鉤和吊帶都放到船上。參見步驟2。

When the winch wire is fully paid out the helicopter will move out to one side of the ship and descend. As the helicopter descends the crew member should continue to take in the slack on the rope/wire until the hook and strop are onboard. See step 2.

然後將傷者固定在吊帶上，收到就緒訊號後，直升機將爬升並吊起絞盤鋼索。參見步驟3。此時應放出延長繩，並稍微抓住繩子勿使其鬆弛甩動，直到繩子到達末端後放手，如果還需要進一步吊掛，延長繩的末端不得固定在船體結構上，應握在手上，。

The casualty is then secured in the strop and on receipt of the ready signal the helicopter will climb and hoist away on the winch wire. See step 3. The extension should be paid out with enough weight on it to keep it taut until the end is reached when it should be cast clear of the ship's side unless further lifts are required. If this is the case the end of the extension must not be made fast to the ship's structure but simply kept in hand.

如果無法提供空曠區域或無法安全使用高空繩索技術，可以將人先放在救生艇上，然後放救生艇下水，並在船艉拖曳救生艇與母船保持安全距離，再將人從救生艇吊起。

If a clear area cannot be provided or the High Line technique cannot be used personnel can be lifted from a boat launched from the ship and/or towed astern.

如果倖存者人數眾多，並且甲板上有合適的空曠區域時，為了節省時間，直升機駕駛員可能希望直接降落在船上。此選項通常會先與船長討論。

If there are a large number of survivors, in the interests of time and if there is a suitable clear area on deck the pilot may wish to land on board. This option will normally be discussed with the Master.

Figure 12-3 高空繩索技術圖解
Illustration of High Line Technique

 

12.8 拋繩裝置

Line Throwing Apparatus

本船配備符合「國際海上人命安全公約」(SOLAS)第三章第18條規定的拋繩裝置。

This ship is equipped with a line-throwing apparatus in compliance with Regulation 18 of Chapter III of SOLAS.

此外，根據「國際救生器材章程」(LSA Code)第7.1的規定，本船還需配備一組拋繩裝置，該裝置配備四枚拋射物和四條繩索。對於手槍式火箭，應提供火箭的使用說明；對於一體式火箭和繩索裝置，應提供組件的使用說明。

In addition and in accordance with paragraph 7.1 of the International Life-Saving Appliance Code,(LSA Code) the ship is required to have onboard a line-throwing appliance providing four projectiles and four lines. Instructions to use the rocket, in the case of a pistol-fired rocket, or the assembly, in the case of an integral rocket and line, should be readily available.

圖12-4展示了一種典型且常見的一體式火箭和繩索拋繩裝置。如有可能，應先諮詢救援船或岸上救援隊，以確定由誰來發射繩索，因為向救援單位發射繩索可能更合適。

Figure 12-4 shows a typical and more commonly encountered integral rocket and line line-throwing appliance. If possible, the other ship or rescue party ashore should be consulted as to who will fire the line as it may be preferable to fire a line to the rescue unit.

Figure 12-4 典型的拋繩裝置
Typical Line Throwing Appliance

救援單位通常配備VHF無線電，因此如果能透過VHF 16頻道與救援單位建立聯繫，救援行動將大有裨益。如果無法建立聯繫，則應使用信號系統，如圖12-5所示。如果需要使用閃光燈信號進行通信，許多救援單位都配備了訓練有素的信號員。

Rescue units are usually equipped with VHF radio and therefore the rescue operation will be greatly assisted if communication with the rescue unit is established on VHF Channel 16. If this is not possible a system of signalling should be used, see Figure 12-5. If communication by flashing light is necessary, many rescue units have trained signalmen.

當兩艘船之間要使用拋繩器時，在發射拋繩器之前，請務必確定這樣做是否安全。當遇險船舶載有石油溶劑或其他高度易燃液體並發生洩漏時，應使用以下信號警告發射拋繩器很危險，因為有火災和爆炸的危險。

When the line throwing apparatus is to be used between two ships it is important to establish whether or not it is safe to do so before firing a rocket. When the ship in distress is carrying petroleum spirit or any other highly inflammable liquid and is leaking the following signals should be used to warn that it is dangerous to fire a line-throwing rocket due to the risk of fire and explosion.

¨ 白天 - 在桅頂懸掛國際信號B旗。

By day - Flag B the International Code of Signals hoisted at the masthead.

¨ 夜間 - 在桅頂懸掛紅燈。

By night - A Red Light hoisted at the masthead.

¨ 能見度低時 - 用音響信號出國際信號代碼「GU」 - 「發射拋繩器不安全」。

In poor visibility - The International Code Signal GU - it is not safe to fire a rocket - made in sound.

Figure 12-5 岸上救援信號
Signalling During Shore Rescue

 

如果救援船準備發射火箭繩，且周圍環境安全，救援船將在您船的上風處建立位置，並順風發射。

If the rescue ship is going to fire a rocket carrying line and it is safe, the rescue ship will establish a position to windward of your ship and fire downwind.

如果周圍環境不安全，救援船應前往您船的下風處，準備接收您發射的火箭繩。

If it is not safe, the rescue ship should go to a position to leeward of your ship and prepare to receive a rocket carrying line from you.

務必記住，拋繩裝置的瞄準會受到風的影響。詳情請參閱圖12-6。

It is important to remember that aiming of the line-throwing device is affected by the wind. Refer to Figure 12-6 for details.

當直升機在附近時，在船隻之間發射拋繩火箭時必須格外小心。

Extreme caution must be exercised when firing line throwing rockets between ships when helicopters are in the vicinity.

Figure 12-6 拋繩裝置會受風向影響
Line-throwing device is affected by the wind