The Development of Containerisation
貨櫃化的發展
1.3.3 Positioning and securing of containers on board
貨櫃在船上的位置與繫固
Introductory remarks
引言
This section is intended to provide the interested layperson with some basic information about how to stow and secure containers on board ocean-going vessels, so as to give him/her a better idea of the problems involved and possibly of how to select the appropriate carrier. Those actually involved with securing containers on board ships should refer to other specialist literature.
本節旨在為有興趣的非專業人士，提供一些關於如何在遠洋船舶上堆放和固定貨櫃的基本常識，以便能更了解所涉及的問題以及如何選擇合適的運送船。實際參與船上貨櫃固定的人員應參考其他專業文獻。
General on-board stowage
船上堆放原則
On most ships which are specially designed for container traffic, the containers are carried lengthwise:
在大多數專門為貨櫃運輸設計的船舶上，貨櫃是縱向堆放的：
Containers stowed lengthwise fore and aft stowage on board a ship
船上縱向堆裝的貨櫃
This stowage method is sensible with regard to the interplay of stresses in rough seas and the loading capacity of containers. Stresses in rough seas are greater athwartships than fore and aft and the loading capacity of container side walls is designed to be higher than that of the end walls.
這種裝載方式考慮到在波濤洶湧的海面上，應力與貨櫃的承載能力之間的交互影響，是合理的安排。在波濤洶湧的大海中，橫向應力大於縱向應力，且貨櫃側壁的承載能力設計得高於前後端壁的承載能力。
However, on some ships (particularly barges), the containers are stowed in athwartships bays or are transported athwartships for other reasons. This must be taken into consideration when packing containers and securing cargo.
然而，在某些船舶(特別是駁船)上，貨櫃會被橫向存放在貨艙中或由於其他原因橫向運輸。在貨櫃裝箱和固定貨物時必須考慮到這一點。
Containers stowed athwart ships (athwartships stowage) on board a ship
貨櫃橫向堆放在船上
This stowage method is not sensible with regard to the stresses in rough seas and the loading capacity of containers. Stresses in rough seas are greater athwartships than fore and aft but the loading capacity of container end walls is lower than that of the side walls.
這種裝載方式在波濤洶湧的海面上，對應力和貨櫃的承載能力來說並不合理。在波濤洶湧的海面上，橫向應力大於縱向應力，但貨櫃兩端壁的承載能力低於側壁的承載能力。
Containers stowed both ways on board ship
船上雙向裝載的貨櫃
Even unusual stowage methods like this, where some of the containers are stowed athwartships and others fore and aft, are used, but they require greater effort during packing and securing operations.
即使像這種不常見的積載方法，有些貨櫃橫向堆放，有些貨櫃縱向堆放，也會被採用，但這需要在貨櫃裝箱和繫固作業中投入更多精力。
The above two pictures show how important it is to find out about the various carriers and their way of transporting containers, either in order to rule out certain modes of transport or to be able to match cargo securing to mode of transport. If the method of transporting a container is not known, then packing and securing have to be geared to the greater stresses.
以上兩張圖片表明，了解不同承運船舶及其貨櫃運輸方式的重要性，這不僅有助於排除某些運輸方式，還能使貨物裝箱的繫固方式與海上運輸狀況一致。如果不了解貨櫃的運輸方式，那麼貨櫃裝箱和繫固就必須適當的提升其承受力。
General securing information
一般繫固原則
When securing containers on board, the stresses resulting from the ship's movements and wind pressure must be taken into account. Forces resulting from breaking-wave impact can only be taken into account to a certain degree. All the containers on board must be secured against slippage and toppling, with care being taken to ensure that the load-carrying parts of the containers are not loaded beyond admissible levels.
在船上繫固貨櫃時，必須考慮船舶運動和風壓產生的應力。對於破浪衝擊產生的力只能在一定程度上考慮。船上所有貨櫃都必須繫固，以防滑落和傾倒，並注意確保貨櫃承重部件的負載不超過允許的水平。
Except in the case of individually carried containers, securing is effected by stacking the containers in vertical guide rails or by stowing them in stacks or blocks, the containers being connected together and fixed to parts of the vessel.
除單獨運送的貨櫃外，繫固方式是將貨櫃堆放在垂直導軌上或將其堆疊或成區塊存放，將貨櫃緊靠在一起並固定在船舶的各個部件上。
Securing in vessel holds by cell guides alone
僅使用導槽導軌在船艙內繫固
全貨櫃船中的貨艙導軌
Virtually all all-container ships are provided with cell guides with vertical guide rails as securing means for hold cargoes. The greatest stress the containers are exposed to stems from stack pressure. Since the containers are not connected together vertically, lateral stress is transmitted by each individual container to the cell guides When positioned in such cell guides, individual containers are not usually able to shift. If the corner posts of one of the containers at the bottom of a stack collapse under excessive pressure, containers stowed above it generally suffer only slight damage. The risk of damage to containers in adjacent stacks is kept within tight limits.
幾乎所有全貨櫃船的貨艙都有配備垂直導軌，作為貨艙貨櫃的固定裝置。貨櫃承受的最大壓力來自堆疊壓力。由於貨櫃並非垂直連接，橫向壓力會由每個貨櫃傳遞到貨艙導軌上。當貨櫃放置在這樣的貨艙導軌中時，通常不會發生移動。如果堆疊底部的某個貨櫃角柱因過大壓力下而塌陷，堆放在其上方的貨櫃通常只會受到輕微損傷。而相鄰堆疊的貨櫃受損風險被控制在很小的範圍內。
Guide rails of two adjacent slots
兩個相鄰槽位的導軌
The containers are guided by these rails of the cell guides during loading and unloading. The photo shows clearly that the upper ends of the guide rails each take the form of insertion guides.
貨櫃在裝卸過程中由這些槽位導軌引導。照片清晰地顯示在導軌的上端，有插入導軌的喇叭口設計。
Securing in vessel holds by cell guides and pins
使用貨艙導軌和固定插梢
Feeder ships, multipurpose freighters and container ships in certain regions have to be particularly flexibly equipped, in order to be able to carry containers of different dimensions. To this end, convertible stowage frames have been developed, in which 20', 24½', 30', 40', 45', 48' and 49' containers may be stowed securely without appreciable delay.
在某些地區，接駁船、多用途船和貨櫃船必須配備特別靈活的設備，以便能夠裝載不同尺寸的貨櫃。為此，人們開發了可轉換的裝載框架，可以安全地裝載20英尺、24.5英尺、30英尺、40英尺、45英尺、48英尺和49英尺的貨櫃，且不會有太多的耽擱。
Most of these frames are produced as panels which are brought into the required positions by cranes. At the bottom they mainly have fixed cones, which engage in pockets welded into the tank top area. At the sides, the frames are secured by pins, which engage in bushes which are let into the wing bulkheads. Such frames are often man-accessible, so that the containers can be locked in place by means of pins.
這些框架大多為板狀，由起重機吊到所需位置。框架底部裝有固定錐，這些錐與焊接在艙底區域的凹槽嚙合。框架側面用梢釘固定，梢釘與安裝在翼艙壁上的襯套嚙合。此類框架通常易於人工操作，因此可以透過梢釘將貨櫃鎖定到位。
If it is necessary to be able to carry containers 2,500 mm wide, the frames are arranged on the basis of this dimension. To secure standard containers of normal width, closure rails are then fitted on both sides of the guide rails by means of screw connections. If necessary, these adapters may be removed.
如果需要運載寬度為2,500公厘的貨櫃，則框架將以此尺寸為基礎進行佈置。為了固定正常寬度的標準貨櫃，然後透過螺絲將封閉軌道固定在導軌兩側。如有必要，亦可隨時拆卸這些連接件。
Removable container guides have also been developed and constructed for multipurpose freighters, reefer vessels and the like. Such guides allow containers to be carried in regular or insulated holds without any risk of damage to the holds themselves. If other cargoes are carried, the stowage guides may be removed using ship's or shore-based loading or lifting gear and deposited in special holders on deck.
目前，多用途船、冷藏船等也已開發並製造了可拆卸的貨櫃導軌。此類導軌允許貨櫃在常規或隔熱貨艙中運輸，而不會對貨艙本身造成任何損壞風險。若需運載其他貨物，亦可使用船上或岸上的裝卸或起重設備拆除積載導軌，並將其存放在甲板上的專用存放架中。
Securing in vessel holds by conventional securing and stacked stowage
在貨艙內採用常規繫固和堆疊繫固
On older, conventional general cargo vessels and multipurpose freighters, stacked stowage methods are used in the hold, combined with various securing methods:
在較舊的常規雜貨船和多用途船上，通常採用堆疊積載法並結合各種繫固方法：
Example of stacked stowage with conventional securing
採用傳統固定方式的貨物堆疊範例
The lower containers stand on foundations capable of withstanding the stack pressures which arise. Dovetail foundations, into which sliding cones fit, are provided to prevent slippage. The containers are connected together by single or double stacking cones or twist locks. The entire stack or container block is lashed using lashing wires or rods and turnbuckles. This system entails a lot of lashing work and material and, moreover, is less secure than securing in cell guides.
下層貨櫃立於能夠承受堆疊壓力的基座上。基座採用燕尾榫結構，可安裝滑動錐以防止移動。貨櫃透過單座或雙座堆疊錐或扭鎖連接在一起。整個堆疊或貨櫃區塊使用繫固鋼絲或繫固桿和螺絲鎖扣進行繫固。此系統需要大量的繫固工作和材料，而且繫固安全性不如利用導槽導軌固定。
Securing in vessel holds by block stowage and stabilization
在貨艙內採用區塊繫固和穩定
This securing method is found less and less frequently, but it is still found on some con-bulkers and other multipurpose freighters. Containers are interconnected horizontally and vertically using single, double and possibly quadruple stacking cones. The top tiers are connected by means of bridge fittings.
這種固定方式現在越來越少見，但仍在一些貨櫃/散裝船和其他多用途船上使用。貨櫃使用單座、雙座甚至四座堆疊錐進行水平和垂直連接。貨櫃頂層透過橋接鎖扣連接。
Fastening containers together
將貨櫃固定在一起
To the sides, the containers are supported at their corner castings with "pressure/tension elements".
在貨櫃側邊，貨櫃的櫃角由「伸縮元件」支撐固定。
Examples of block stowage method with stabilization
帶穩定裝置的區塊積載方式範例
This type of container securing has two marked disadvantages:
這種貨櫃繫固方式有兩個明顯的缺點：
Securing on deck using container guides
在甲板上使用貨櫃導軌固定
On some ships, containers are also secured on deck in cell guides or lashing frames. Some years ago, Atlantic Container Lines used only cell guides on deck. Certain ships belonging to Polish Ocean Lines had combined systems. In other ships, cell guides can be pushed hydraulically over the hatch cover as soon as loading below deck is completed and the hatches have been covered up.
在某些船舶上，貨櫃也使用槽式導軌或繫固框架在甲板上固定。幾年前，大西洋貨櫃運輸公司(Atlantic Container Lines)在甲板上僅使用槽式導軌。波蘭遠洋運輸公司(Polish Ocean Lines)旗下的某些船舶則採用了複合式系統。在其他船舶上，一旦甲板下裝載完成且艙蓋蓋好，就可以立即透過液壓裝置將槽式導軌推到艙口蓋上。
Securing on deck using block stowage securing
在甲板上使用區塊積載固定
This method was used a lot in the early days of container ships, but has been used less and less in recent years for economic reasons.
這種方式在貨櫃船早期廣泛使用，但近年來由於經濟因素越來越少採用。
Example of block stowage securing on deck
在甲板上使用區塊積載固定的範例
The containers in the bottom layer are positioned in socket elements or on fixed cones. Double stacking cones are used between the layers and the corner castings of adjoining containers are connected at the top by bridge fittings. The containers are held together over the entire width of the ship or hatch cover by cross lashings. A distinct disadvantage of this method is reduced flexibility when loading and unloading, since adjoining containers have always to be moved as well if access to a particular container is required.
底層貨櫃放置在底座或固定錐上。每層使用雙座堆疊錐，相鄰貨櫃的櫃角在頂部透過橋接鎖扣連接。貨櫃透過交叉繫固在整個船舶或艙蓋的寬度上固定在一起。這種方法的一個明顯缺點是裝卸時的靈活性降低，因為如果需要裝卸某個特定的貨櫃，相鄰的貨櫃也必須一起移動(或者必須先拆除相鄰貨櫃的繫固裝置)。
Numerous variants, not listed any greater detail here, are available for attaching the lashings. Sometimes the lashings from different stacks cross one another.
繫固的方法多種多樣，此處不再贅述。有時，不同堆疊的繫固會相互交叉(俗稱外八字交叉繫固法)。
Crisscross lashings from different container stacks
不同貨櫃堆疊區塊的交叉繫固(外八字交叉繫固法)
Crisscross lashings from same container stacks
相同貨櫃堆疊區塊的交叉繫固(內八字交叉繫固法)
Lashing system for 40' containers from the lashing bridges of the end hatches
40英尺貨櫃繫固系統，從艙蓋端的綁紮橋開始
This securing method is being used increasingly in very large container ships.
這種繫固方法在大型貨櫃船上的應用日益廣泛。(內八字交叉繫固法)
Instructions for lashing on board ships are displayed in obvious places.
船上的繫固說明張貼在顯眼的地方。
Securing on deck using stacked stowage securing
在甲板上使用堆疊式積載繫固
This securing method is the one used most frequently. Cargo handling flexibility is its key advantage. The containers are stacked one on top of the other, connected with twist locks and lashed vertically. No stack is connected with any other stack. The container lashings do not cross over the lashings from other stacks, except for the "wind lashings" on the outer sides of the ship.
這種繫固方法是最常用的。貨物裝卸靈活性是其主要優勢。貨櫃一個接一個地堆疊在一起，使用扭鎖連接並垂直繫固。每個堆疊區之間互不連接。貨櫃繫固不會與其他堆疊的繫固交叉，但船舶外側的「防風繫固」除外。
Principle of stacked stowage securing
堆疊貨櫃繫固原則
Securing of on-deck containers with lashing rods and twist locks
使用繫固桿和扭鎖固定甲板上的貨櫃
Securing of a 3-tier stack on board a semi-container ship
在半貨櫃船上三層貨櫃堆疊的固定
Obviously, a container stack of this kind can topple if it is not adequately secured.
顯然的，如果未能充分固定，此種貨櫃堆疊方式很可能會傾倒。
An absence of special equipment for securing containers and unfavorable stowage spaces increase the risk for container cargoes. "Sloppy" carriers should be avoided wherever possible. This applies quite generally, not only to the operators of aging ships. Timely information about as many as of the circumstances and procedures encountered during carriage as possible can be extremely useful.
缺乏專門的貨櫃繫固設備以及裝載空間不足，會增加貨櫃運送的風險。應盡量避免託運給「馬虎」的承運人。這不僅適用於老舊船舶的營運人，也適用於其他承運人。能及時了解運送過程中可能遇到的情況和程序將非常有用。
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