The Development of Containerisation
貨櫃化的發展
1.3.2 Container-carrying vessels, part 2
貨櫃船 - 2
帶遮雨棚的無艙蓋貨櫃船
Hatchless container ships first appeared around the beginning of the 1990s. They were intended to make cargo handling more economic. In 1993 and 1994, Howaldstwerke-Deutsche Werft AG (HDW) delivered four hatchless container ships to the Swiss shipping company Norasia Line. These vessels were equipped with an innovative cargo protection system. These 2,780 TEU vessels are a further development of the "ship of the future".
無艙蓋貨櫃船最早出現於1990年代初，旨在提高貨物裝卸的效率性。1993年和1994年，德國Howaldstwerke-Deutsche Werft AG (HDW)造船廠，向瑞士航運公司Norasia Line交付了四艘無艙蓋貨櫃船。這些船舶配備了創新的貨物保護系統。這些2780標準箱的船舶是「未來之船」的進一步發展。
Except for holds 1 and 2, which are equipped with pontoon hatch covers to allow the carriage of hazardous materials, these vessels have no hatch covers. Since, on their usual route between Europe and Far East, these vessels are exposed to heavy tropical rain, the shipping company decided to equip holds 3 to 7 with twelve rain protection roofs of lightweight steel construction. Each rain roof rests on the transverse coaming of the container cell guides and is secured by rapid fastenings. The coamings extend in each case up to the highest container which, in some holds, amounts to twelve tiers.
除1號和2號貨艙配備了箱型艙蓋以允許運輸危險品外，其他所有貨艙均未配備艙蓋。由於這些船舶在歐洲和遠東之間的常規航線上經常遭遇熱帶暴雨，航運公司決定在3至7號貨艙配備12個輕鋼架結構的遮雨棚。每個遮雨棚均安裝在貨艙導軌的橫向圍堰上，並透過快速扣件固定。在各種情況下，遮雨棚都能延伸至最高的貨櫃，在某些貨艙中甚至可高達十二層。
Before and after cargo handling, the roofs have to be removed and replaced by on-shore lifting gear. Moreover, the roofs constitute part of the aerodynamic hull shape. Windtunnel testing revealed that the shape of the forecastle deck in conjunction with the rain roofs and the deckhouse will save fuel. The rain roofs protect not only the stowed containers, but the ship as well, as large quantities of rain water in the holds cause stability problems. Other owners of "open top" container ships use high power bilge pumps to combat this problem.
貨櫃裝卸前後，必須先靠岸上起重設備進行遮雨棚拆除或裝設。此外，遮雨棚也是符合空氣動力學船體形狀的一部分。風洞測試證明，艏樓甲板的形狀與遮雨棚和船樓相結合，可以節省燃料。遮雨棚不僅可以保護堆疊的貨櫃，還可以保護船舶，因為貨艙中大量的積水會導致船舶穩定性問題(〔註〕也會使貨艙底層的貨櫃淹水造成貨損)。其他「敞篷」貨櫃船的船東會使用更高功率艙底抽水泵來解決這個問題。
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冷藏貨櫃船
Reefer container vessel: Reefer container vessel: almost all container ships have separate connections for refrigerated containers. If these connections are present in relatively large numbers and in a certain ratio to the total TEU capacity, this is reflected in the ship's designation.
冷藏貨櫃船：幾乎所有貨櫃船都設有單獨的冷藏貨櫃插電裝置。如果這些插電裝置數量較多，且佔總TEU容量的一定比例，則會稱為冷藏貨櫃船(如插圖“Dole Amrica”)。
貨櫃客船
Container passenger vessels are a relatively recent phenomenon. In certain countries such as China, Indonesia, Russia and others, they are becoming increasingly important in coastal or island traffic.
貨櫃客船是一個相對較新的現象。在中國、印尼、俄羅斯等國家，它們在沿海或島嶼運輸中發揮越來越重要的作用。
接駁船
Feeder ships: These ships carry containers between major container terminals and other ports which are not served by the major shipping lines. Most Indian ports, for example, are served by feeder ships from Colombo, while the ports of western Denmark are served from Bremerhaven. The term "feeder ship" provides no indication as to the size of the vessels, nor as to whether they are equipped with on-board lifting gear. Most feeder ships, however, are relatively small or medium-sized vessels.
接駁船：這類船舶在主要貨櫃碼頭和主要航運公司未提供服務的其他港口之間運輸貨櫃。例如，大多數印度港口都有來自可倫坡的接駁船，而丹麥西部的港口則有來自布萊梅港的接駁船。「接駁船」一詞並未指明船舶的大小，也未指明船舶是否配備船上起重設備。然而，大多數接駁船都是相對小型或中型的船舶。
The vessels used in feeder service to and from container ports are often customized, as least when put in service. For example, a ship built in 1998 for Caribbean container trade has the following data:
用於往返貨櫃港口的支線服務的船舶通常是定制的，至少在投入使用時是如此。例如，一艘建於1998年用於加勒比海貨櫃貿易的船舶的數據如下：
Length | 90.95 | m |
Beam | 15.40 | m |
Molded depth | 7.35 | m |
Draft | 5.65 | m |
Deadweight | 4,150 | tdw |
Container capacity | 312 | TEU |
Engine power | 3,520 | kW |
Speed | 15 | kn |
Loading gear: on-board cranes | 2 | units |
Ore Bulk Container carrier
礦砂散裝貨櫃船
Ore Bulk Container carrier: The multipurpose "OBC" freight carriers developed in the former GDR are highly versatile. The abbreviation stands for Ore, Bulk and Container. Double hull construction means that all the internal surfaces of the hold are smooth. Since these vessels are fitted with high capacity on-board electrohydraulic cranes with a long reach, even poorly equipped ports can be served. In one specific class of vessel, alternate holds (I, III and V) are suitably reinforced for carrying ore. Due to their high strength and large hatches without tween decks, these vessels are well suited to carrying rolling mill products and long goods.
礦砂散裝貨櫃船：前東德研發的多用途「OBC」貨運船用途廣泛。該船的縮寫代表礦砂、散貨和貨櫃。雙殼結構意味著貨艙的所有內表面均光滑。由於這些船舶配備了高容量、長臂的電動液壓起重機，即使是裝備較差的港口也能提供服務。在這個特定等級的船舶中，混用艙(I、III和V)經過適當加固，以運輸礦砂。由於其強度高、艙口大且沒有雙層甲板，這些船舶非常適合運輸軋鋼產品和長件貨物。
A half-height, double-walled longitudinal girder fitted below deck acts as a grain bulkhead. With the exception of hazardous materials and cement, all possible kinds of bulk cargoes may thus be carried. 576 TEU can be stowed in the holds and on deck. There are also thirty-six reefer connections available.
甲板下方安裝的半高雙壁縱桁可作為穀物隔艙壁(散裝穀艙需安裝防動隔板)。除散裝危險品和水泥外，所有類型的散裝貨物均可運輸。貨艙和甲板上可裝載576個標準箱。此外，還提供了36個冷藏貨櫃插座。
礦砂散裝貨櫃船
Open bulk container carriers also have several unusual features which make such vessels highly versatile, even suiting them for container traffic. These bulk carriers are designed like pure container ships, i.e. a very large proportion of the deck area can be opened and the hatch lengths are arranged in a 40 foot grid. Structures delimiting the hold, such as double bottoms, transverse bulkheads and wing bulkheads are designed to withstand the pressure applied by bulk cargoes. Smooth walls and floors are required to allow straightforward loading and unloading with grabs and wheel loaders, which is why the container foundations are recessed in the double bottom and the ISO holes are covered with plastic or steel lids.
開放式散裝貨櫃船還具有一些獨特的特點，使其用途廣泛，甚至適合貨櫃運輸。這些散裝船的設計類似於純貨櫃船，即甲板面積的很大一部分可以打開，艙口長度以40英尺為一個分隔排列。貨艙的分隔結構，例如雙層底、橫艙壁和翼艙壁，都設計用於承受散裝貨物的壓力。為了方便使用抓斗和輪式裝載機進行直接裝卸，艙壁和地板必須光滑，因此貨櫃底座嵌入雙層底，ISO標準貨櫃底座孔位則用塑膠或鋼蓋覆蓋。
In the vessel shown, containers can be stowed up to seven high in the holds. The stacks are secured at the bottom by twist locks in the tank deck. Container guides providing lateral restraint are folded out from the bulkheads. In each hold, three blocks are formed using single and double stacking cones, with container guides providing guidance and restraint in two planes, so making it possible to withstand the forces arising when the vessel rolls.
在圖示的船舶中，貨艙內最多可堆放七個貨櫃。貨櫃堆疊透過貨艙底部甲板的扭鎖在貨櫃底部固定。再由艙壁上可折疊的貨櫃導軌提供側向固定。每個貨艙分成三個區塊，使用單座和雙座堆疊錐固定垂直堆疊，加上貨櫃導軌，可提供上下及左右兩個方向的繫固力，能夠承受船舶橫搖時產生的力距。
Such stacking aids are generally provided between the 3rd and 4th and between the 5th and 6th tiers of containers and are sized in line with the maximum admissible container corner loading of 600 kN. A combination of general cargo and/or bulk cargo plus containers may also be stowed in the holds. This is achieved by folding "container brackets" out from the bulkheads onto which a maximum of four tiers of containers, each applying a load of 300 kN, may be loaded over the bulk cargo or general cargo.
此種堆疊輔助裝置通常設置在第3層和第4層貨櫃之間以及第5層和第6層貨櫃之間，其尺寸符合貨櫃角最大允許荷載600 kN的要求。複合式貨艙可以堆放普通貨物和/或散裝貨物以及貨櫃。透過艙壁上可向外折疊「貨櫃支架」，最多可將四層貨櫃(每層300 kN負載)堆放在散裝貨物或普通貨物上。
Ferry with bow and stern doors
設有船艏和船艉門的渡輪
As has already been mentioned, RO/RO stands for roll-on/roll-off, i.e. it is a description of how the cargo is handled. The type of cargo being carried is not automatically known as it may comprise any kind of rolling cargo or cargo which has been made rollable. In many cases ro/ro ships also carry other cargoes without this being clear from the vessel's designation.
如前所述，RO/RO表示滾裝/滾卸，即貨物處理方式的描述。所載貨物的類型無法自動識別，因為它可能包含任何類型的滾裝貨物或可滾裝貨物。在許多情況下，滾裝船也運載其他貨物，但不會在此類船舶的用途上特別註明。
There is, however, one feature common to all ro/ro ships - they can be loaded via bow, stern or side ports. If the ships have several decks, access is provided by elevators or ramps.
然而，所有滾裝船都有一個共同的特點 - 可以透過船艏、船艉或舷側舷門裝載貨物。如果船舶有多層甲板，則可以透過電梯或坡道上下船。
Ferries are equipped to carry both passengers and rolling cargo, which may comprise automobiles, trucks, chassis, trailers or railroad vehicles. In many cases, cargo is carried on "cassettes" which are packed and unpacked in port and transferred on and off the vessel with special tractors. Containers are only loaded or unloaded indirectly using roll trailers or the like. Stern, bow and/or side ports ensure rapid cargo handling. In many types of vessel, a one-way system is used, ensuring "first in first out" traffic flow.
渡輪既可以運載乘客，也可以運載滾動貨物，這些貨物可能包括汽車、卡車、車架、拖車或鐵路車輛。在多數情況下，貨物以“卡式平板櫃”的形式運輸，這些“卡式平板櫃”在港口裝卸，並用專用牽引車轉運上船或下船。貨櫃只能透過拖車或類似設備間接裝卸。船艉、船艏和/或舷側舷門確保快速裝卸貨物。許多類型的船舶採用單向系統，確保「先進先出」的交通流量方向。
In ferry transport, a distinction is drawn between accompanied vehicles, where the driver drives on board, travels with the vehicle and drives off again, and unaccompanied vehicles. Only auxiliary loading gear is usually present.
在渡輪運輸中，可區分為有伴行車輛(駕駛員駕駛上船，隨車行駛，然後再次駛離)和無伴行車輛。通常僅有輔助裝載機具。
Many passenger/railroad ferries and ferries capable of carrying both railroad vehicles and trailers, chassis or other road vehicles are in service in short-sea ro/ro traffic in the North Sea, Baltic and also Mediterranean.
許多客運/鐵路渡輪以及能夠同時運載鐵路車輛和拖車、車架或其他公路車輛的渡輪在北海、波羅的海和地中海的短途滾裝運輸中服役。
These vessels have bow thrusters to ensure rapid berthing and casting off. Maneuvering is often facilitated by pitch propellers or a multiscrew design of the vessel. Ferries are often symmetrical in structure and may be operated and accessed from either end. Special cargo securing systems are provided, but are often used only in poor weather. Most cargo damage and sinkings are caused by inadequate stowage and securing on the vehicles, as has been shown by many incidents of loss and accidents in recent years.
這些船舶配備船艏推進器，確保快速停泊和解纜。船舶配有可變螺距螺旋槳或多螺旋槳設計有助於操縱。渡輪通常艏艉結構對稱，可從兩端操作和進出。渡輪還配備了特殊的貨物固定系統，但通常僅在惡劣天氣下使用。大多數貨損和沈沒都是由於車輛積載和固定不當造成的，近年來發生的多起損失和事故都證明了這一點。
貨櫃滾裝船
Container - RO/RO ship (CONRO) carry both containers and rolling cargo. Ro/ro cargoes are mainly loaded below deck, while containers are primarily stowed on deck. In some vessels, e.g. ACL or Polish Ocean Line, special container shafts are provided in the forward third of the ship to accommodate containers below deck. In regions of service with high cargo volumes, container handling is carried out by on-shore gantry cranes. The ships rarely have their own loading gear. The "Finnsailor" is one such ship which carries rolling or rollable cargo below deck and containers, plant, general cargo etc. on deck. However, these facts were not taken into account by the shipyard when determining the ship's designation.
貨櫃滾裝船(CONRO)既可運輸貨櫃，也可運輸滾裝貨物。滾裝貨物主要在甲板下裝載，而貨櫃主要堆放在甲板上。一些船舶，例如ACL或Polish Ocean Line，在船體前三分之一處設有專用貨櫃豎井，用於將貨櫃裝載在甲板下。在貨運量較大的航線上，貨櫃裝卸由岸上龍門吊架進行。這些船舶很少有自己的裝載設備。「Finnsailor」號就是這樣一艘船，它在甲板下裝載滾裝或可滾裝貨物，在甲板上裝載貨櫃、設備、雜貨等。然而，船廠在確定該船的類別時並未考慮這些因素。
"Finnsailor"貨櫃滾裝船
RO/RO - LO/LO carriers are ships which are capable of loading and stowing cargoes both via ramps using roll-on/roll-off methods and with on-board lifting gear using the lift-on/lift-off method. Such vessels accordingly also have upper deck hatches and, in some cases, holds divided by transverse bulkheads.
滾裝吊裝船是指既能透過坡道採用滾裝方式裝卸貨物，又能透過船上起重設備採用吊裝方式裝卸貨物的船舶。因此，此類船舶還設有上甲板艙口，在某些情況下，還設有由橫向艙壁隔開的貨艙。
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滾裝吊裝船
滾裝吊裝貨櫃船
This double hull ship is an example of a RO/RO - LO/LO container ship. It has a ro/ro component in the form of a stern door. On the port side it has an internal vehicle ramp to provide access to the two 'tween decks. Some ships are equipped with on-board cranes allow containers to be handled in ports without on-shore lifting gear.
這艘雙殼船是滾裝吊裝貨櫃船的例子。它有一個滾裝部件即船艉門。船左舷設有內部車輛坡道，方便通往兩層甲板。有些船上配備有吊櫃起重機可無需岸上起重設備裝卸貨櫃。
駁船運輸船
Barge carriers are specialized container transport vessels. Barge carriers are very largely capable of operating independently of ports, they depend on relatively calm areas of water or "floating areas" for transferring the barges. This fact explains the great strategic significance of the system because barges can be set down and picked up at virtually any coast. Barge transport operations are only worthwhile between economic areas which have virtually identical volumes of goods passing in each direction, and in particular where inland waterways lead inland so that good use can be made of the advantages of the floating containers. The high cost of building the ships and the capital expenditure for three sets of barges mean that such systems are not economically viable everywhere. There are various different systems:
駁船運輸船是專門的貨櫃運輸船。駁船運輸船在很大程度上能夠獨立於港口運營，它們依靠相對平靜的水域或「可浮水域」來轉運駁船。這一事實解釋了該系統的重大戰略意義，因為駁船幾乎可以在任何海岸卸貨和裝貨。駁船運輸業務只有在貨物往來量幾乎相同的經濟區域之間才有意義，尤其是在內河航道通往內陸的區域，這樣才能充分利用浮動貨櫃的優勢。造船成本高昂以及三套駁船的資本支出，意味著這種系統並非在所有地方都具有經濟可行性。駁船運輸船有各種不同的系統：
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"München" LASH carrier"München"駁船運輸船
LASH stands for Lighters Aboard SHip. In the LASH system, barges are carried athwartships in holds and on deck. The barges are picked up and set down at the stern by the LASH's on-board gantry crane using spreaders. Distinguishing external features of these carriers are the far forward location of the superstructures or deck houses, the location of the exhaust stacks to the aft and sides, the stern outriggers and the large gantry crane with a lifting capacity of more than 500 metric tons. This type of vessel hit the headlines some years ago with the sinking of the "München". Twenty-six vessels of this class are still in operation worldwide. Deadweight is approx. 43,000 metric tons, i.e. approx. 73 - 83 barges can be carried in addition to equipment, bunker fuel and stores.
LASH是Lighters Aboard SHip的縮寫。在LASH系統中，駁船在船艙和甲板上橫向運輸。駁船由LASH船上的龍門起重機在船尾吊起和放下。這些運輸船的顯著外部特徵包括上層建築或船樓位於船艏最前方、排氣煙囪位於船尾和船側、船尾吊架以及起重能力超過500噸的大型龍門起重機。幾年前，「慕尼黑號」沉沒事件讓這類船舶成為新聞焦點。目前，全球仍有26艘此類船舶在服役。載重量約43,000噸，也就是說，除了設備、燃料和物料外，還可以運載約73至83艘駁船。
在可浮水域裝上LASH駁船運輸船
The dimensions of the barges are 18.50 m x 9.50 m x 3.90 m. Fully laden, the draft is 2.61 m. With a tare weight of approx. 140 metric tons, the deadweight of the barges is 376 metric tons. The difference in draft between bow and stern or "trim" must not exceed one foot as the barges otherwise can no longer be lifted by the spreader.
駁船尺寸為18.5公尺 x 9.5公尺 x 3.9公尺。滿載時吃水2.61公尺。駁船自重約140公噸，載重量376公噸。船艏和船艉的吃水差(或稱「縱傾」)不得超過一英尺，否則駁船將無法被吊具吊起。
使用龍門起重機將LASH 駁船從船艉吊上船
Special framework platforms have been developed so that not all goods need to be carried in the barges with their high tare weight. Floored platforms of this kind are available for general cargo, automobiles etc., while there are also floorless versions for containers. For cargo handling purposes, these platforms are set down on "feeder" barges which are towed to and from the ship. The framework platforms are also handled by the gantry crane.
可浮水域中的SEABEE駁船運輸船
SEABEE carriers are capable of embarking barges at the stern using winch-driven lift platforms with a load-carrying capacity of more than 2,000 metric tons. Barges are loaded, usually in pairs, by being floated into the dock-like afterbody of the ship over the lowered lifting platforms, then lifted up to deck height, from where they are rolled into the ship on very flat rail-mounted trolleys. This type of transfer is thus known as "lift and roll". The Lykes Line's SEABEE ships can stow thirty-eight barges on three decks. Special fittings allow the upper deck to be loaded with containers instead of barges. SEABEE ships are able to carry containers and other cargoes on deck, but these ships do not have on-board lifting gear for such cargoes.
SEABEE運輸船使用位於船艉的升降平台裝載駁船，絞機承重量超過2,000公噸。駁船通常成對裝載，駛入船艉降低的升降平台船塢，然後被提升至甲板高度，再由平面軌道式滑車滾入船艙內。這種轉運方式稱為「升降滾裝」。Lykes航運公司的SEABEE運輸船可在三層甲板上裝載38艘駁船。上層甲板還有特殊裝置可用來裝載貨櫃而非駁船。SEABEE運輸船能夠在甲板上運輸貨櫃和其他貨物，但此型船舶並沒有裝卸貨物的起重設備。
駁船漂浮駛入降低的絞車平台上
SEABEE barges measure 29.72 m x 10.67 m x 5.18 m. With a tare weight of 171.5 metric tons, the unladen draft is 0.62 m. With a full payload of 844 metric tons, the maximum draft is 3.22 m. There may be slight differences depending upon the particular type and lighter. The barges can accommodate six FEU or twelve TEU. Sixteen FEU can be located on the barge's hatch covers.
SEABEE駁船尺寸為29.72米 x 10.67米 x 5.18米。自重171.5公噸，空載吃水0.62公尺。滿載844公噸時，最大吃水3.22公尺。具體的類型和駁船可能會有些差別。每艘駁船可容納6個FEU(40英尺過櫃)或12個TEU(20英尺貨櫃)。駁船的艙蓋上可放置16個FEU(40英尺貨櫃)。
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駁船透過船艏門漂浮進運輸船中
BACO liners (barge/container liners) operate in accordance with the dock principle. In this German-developed system, the barges are floated through bow doors into the carrier, which has been lowered by taking on ballast. Once the bow doors have been closed, the water is pumped out of the dock and the barges are secured with special fittings. The special BACO barges measure 24 m x 9.50 m and, at a deadweight of 800 metric tons, have a draft of 4.10 m. However, the particular dimensions of the carrier ships are such that other types of barge and even inland waterway vessels and lighters can also be carried. Several tiers of containers can be carried on deck and be loaded and unloaded with on-board lifting gear.
BACO班輪(駁船/貨櫃班輪)採用船塢原理運作。在德國開發的這種系統中，運輸船透過打入壓艙水增加船舶吃水(降低船底艙高度)，駁船經由開啟的船艏門漂浮進入運輸船中。然後抽出壓艙水使船塢內的水被排出，船艏門關閉後，駁船再用特殊裝置固定。BACO專用駁船尺寸為24米 x 9.5米，載重量為800公噸，吃水深度為4.1米。然而，運輸船的特殊尺寸使其能夠運載其他類型的駁船，甚至是內河船舶和駁船。甲板上還可裝載多層貨櫃，並使用船上的起重設備進行裝卸。
CONDOCK is derived from container and dock ship. A large hold can be loaded with rolling cargo via a stern ramp as well as from above using the LO/LO method. These vessels have their own, very high capacity lifting gear for carrying heavy-lift cargoes. Containers can be carried in three tiers on deck. By flooding their ballast tanks, they can be lowered in the water like floating docks, and can take on floating cargoes. The dimensions of those vessels which are in service are such that LASH, BACO and sometimes even SEABEE barges can be accommodated. This class of vessel is still more versatile. Its gantry cranes are capable of handling individual items of cargo of up to 1,000 metric tons by the lo/lo method. Using the RO/RO method, heavy items of up to 2,000 metric tons can be loaded into the hold via a 20 m x 10 m ramp, while heavy and bulky items can be rolled on deck via two stern outriggers and self-propelled bogies. Floating cargo can be stowed either in the hold using the FLO/FLO method or on deck using the piggyback system.
CONDOCK源自貨櫃船和船塢船。大型貨艙可以透過船艉坡道裝載滾裝貨物，也可以使用吊上/吊下(LO/LO)方式從上方裝卸。這些船舶擁有自身強大的起重設備，用於運輸重載貨物。貨櫃可以在甲板上堆積三層。透過注滿壓水艙，船舶可以像浮塢一樣沉入水中，可供裝載浮動貨物。目前投入營運的這些船舶尺寸足以容納LASH、BACO甚至SEABEE駁船。這類船舶用途更廣泛。其龍門起重機能夠透過吊上/吊下裝卸方式處理重達1,000公噸的單件貨物。使用滾裝方式，重達2,000公噸的重物可以通過20米 x 10米的坡道裝載到貨艙中，而重型和大件物品則可以透過船艉兩個吊架和自轉式車輪架在甲板上滾動。浮動貨物則可用浮上/浮下方式裝入貨艙內，也可以採用背負式系統(piggyback system)〔註〕裝載在甲板上。
〔註〕背負式運輸系統，卡車拖車或貨櫃裝載到船上以船舶運輸，卸載後轉移回卡車上，完成運輸的陸上行程。
The following examples are intended to illustrate how good design can enormously increase the versatility of modern ships.
以下範例旨在說明良好的設計如何大幅提高現代船舶的多功能性。
能在萊茵河和運河上航行的沿海機動船
Coastal motor vessels capable of navigating the Rhine and canals have a continuous box shaped cargo hold and a deadweight of 1,550 metric tons. The essential difference between other classes of sea/river-going vessels resides in this vessel's crane, which is of collapsible construction and so does not exceed the maximum height for navigating the Rhine and canals. The vessel's hatch covers can accommodate 20' or 40' containers in several bays. The wheel house can be lowered and raised hydraulically, while the masts can be folded down.
能在萊茵河和運河上航行的沿海機動船擁有連續的箱形貨艙，載重量為1,550公噸。與其他類型的遠洋/內河船舶的本質區別在於這種船舶的起重機，它採用可折疊結構，因此高度不超過在萊茵河和運河上航行的最大高度。該船多個艙位的艙蓋可容納20英尺或40英尺的貨櫃。駕駛室可以液壓升降，桅杆也可以折疊。
The majority of the inland waterway motor vessels in service in Germany are used to carry dry cargoes. Lengths vary between 38.50 m and 110 m, beams between 5 m and 11 m and drafts between 2 m and 3.50 laden. The deadweight of such vessels is between 220 metric tons and 3,000 metric tons. Many of these vessels are equipped to carry containers. Some single hold motor freighters have been specially tailored to the conditions prevailing on the Rhine on the way to Basel. They have the largest possible hold volume for light bulk cargoes, but can also carry heavy-lifts and bulky cargoes. Heavy goods can be rolled from land via an external ramp onto the forebody, from where they can be rolled into the hold via an internal ramp with a gradient of 5°. Low loaders, trailers or other special purpose trucks and crawlers can be used for this purpose. Loading and unloading operations can be assisted by hydraulic equipment, trim tanks and a pump system.
德國現役的內河機動船大多用於運輸乾散貨。船長38.50公尺到110公尺之間，船寬在5公尺到11公尺之間，吃水在2公尺到3.50公尺之間。這類船舶的載重量在220公噸到3,000公噸之間。其中許多船舶都配備了貨櫃運輸設備。一些單艙機動貨船經過特別定制，以適應萊茵河前往巴塞爾的航線條件。它們擁有最大的貨艙容量，可裝載輕型散貨，也能裝載重型和大型貨物。重型貨物可以透過外部坡道從陸地滾裝到船頭，然後再透過坡度為5°的內部坡道滾入貨艙。低裝載機、拖車或其他特殊用途卡車和履帶式車輛可用於此目的。液壓設備、平衡壓水艙和幫浦系統可輔助裝卸作業。
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