船上安全訓練手冊 - 第五章 救生衣

船上安全訓練手冊

Shipboard Safety Training Manual

尚作仁船長 編撰 Compiled by Captain David Shang

第五章 救生衣

Chapter 5 Lifejackets

5.1 一般資訊

General Information

安全官應在本章末附上本船所攜帶救生衣的種類和用途詳情。

The Safety Officer should attach the details of the type and usage of lifejackets carried by your own vessel provided at the end of this chapter.

本船所攜帶救生衣的數量和位置，應符合「國際海上人命安全公約」(SOLAS)第三章第7.2條和第32.2條的規定。

The quantity and locations of lifejackets carried aboard this vessel comply, as appropriate, with Regulations 7.2 and 32.2 of Chapter III of SOLAS.

此外，本船所攜帶救生衣的設計與構造符合「國際救生器材章程」(LSA Code)第二章第2.2.1及/或第2.2.2的規定。

Furthermore, the design and construction of the lifejackets carried on board this vessel comply with paragraphs 2.2.1 and/or paragraph 2.2.2 of Chapter II of the International Life-Saving Appliance Code.

一般而言，救生衣提供的浮力和穩定性，可使穿著者從任何地點轉向嘴部距水面不少於120mm的位置。即使穿著者失去意識或精疲力竭，此過程也應在五秒內完成。

In general, lifejackets provide the buoyancy and stability to turn the wearer from any position to one where the mouth is not less than 120 mm above the surface. This will take place in not more than five seconds, even if the wearer is unconscious or exhausted.

救生衣應配有一個用繩子牢固連接的哨子。

Lifejackets have a whistle securely attached by cord.

成人救生衣適合體重43公斤或以上的人。兒童則需要專門設計的救生衣。

Adult lifejackets are suitable for persons of 43 kg or more. Children require specifically designed lifejackets.

救生衣可以幫助防止體溫過低，旨在幫助人們短距離游泳和登上救生艇。

A lifejacket can help protect against hypothermia and is designed to assist a person to swim a short distance and to board a survival craft.

Figures 5.1 典型的救生衣

Typical Lifejacket

救生衣燈

Lifejacket Lights

救生衣配有燈，以便在夜間或能見度低的情況下輔助定位。根據類型，燈可以是常亮的，也可以是閃爍的。

Lifejackets are fitted with lights to aid location at night or in poor visibility. Lights may be continuous or flashing depending on the type.

本船救生衣上安裝的燈符合「國際救生器材章程」(LAS Code)第二章第2.2.3的要求，以及「國際海上人命安全公約」第三章第22.3條和第32.2條(如適用)的要求。

The lights fitted to the lifejackets on this ship meet the requirements of paragraph 2.2.3 of Chapter II of the International Life-Saving Appliance Code and as appropriate, the requirements of Regulation 22.3 and 32.2 of Chapter III of SOLAS.

救生衣燈必須能發出發光強度為0.75坎德拉(cd)的白光，持續時間不少於8小時。

The lifejacket lights must be capable of providing a white light having a luminous intensity of 0.75 candela (cd) for not less than eight hours.

救生衣燈浸入水中時可自動啟動，或透過手動開關操作。

Lifejacket lights may be automatically activated when immersed in water, or operated by a manually operated switch.

Figures 5.2 救生衣燈
Lifejacket Light

救生衣存放位置

Lifejacket Location

如果向個別船員發放了救生衣，則應將救生衣存放在其住艙內，除非另有說明。

If a lifejacket is issued to individual crew members, the lifejacket should be stowed in their cabin unless otherwise advised.

Figure 5.3 IMO救生衣安全安全標誌
IMO Safe Signs for Lifejacket

備用救生衣

Spare Lifejackets

備用救生衣存放在工作場所和船上其他各個位置。

Spare lifejackets are stored at places of work and various other locations on the ship.

本船備用救生衣的存放位置如下：(請輸入正確的數字)

The location of spare lifejackets carried on this vessel is listed below: (please enter the correct figures)

住艙：

Cabin:

駕駛室：

Wheel House:

水手長儲藏室：

Bosun’s Store:

機艙控制室：

Engine Control Room:

舵機室：

Steering Gear Room:

 

5.2 穿戴說明

Donning Instructions

本船所載救生衣的穿戴程序附在本章末。(安全官應附上穿戴說明)

The donning procedures for lifejackets carried on this vessel are given at the end of this chapter. (The Safety Officer should attach the donning illustration)

通常應遵循以下規則：

Generally the following rules should be followed:

1. 救生衣上的所有繫帶、扣環和繩子必須正確繫緊，並將鬆散的末端牢固地捲起，以防止鉤住。

All straps, ties and cords on the lifejacket must be correctly tightened, and the loose ends securely tucked away to prevent snagging.

2. 必須特別注意固定救生衣的腰部扣環。如果腰部扣不緊，穿戴者跳入水中時救生衣可能會向上滑動，導致嚴重的頸部受傷。

Special attention must be given to securing the waist fastening on the lifejacket. If this fastening is not tightly secured, the lifejacket may ride up if the wearer jumps into the water. This may cause serious neck injury.

救生衣只有在正確穿戴和調整的情況下才能發揮作用。穿戴或調整不當的救生衣可能無法使穿戴者嘴部露出水面漂浮，並且可能在從高處跳入水中時造成嚴重傷害。穿戴者必須熟悉穿戴說明並練習救生衣的穿戴程序。

A lifejacket will assist only if it correctly worn and adjusted. An incorrectly worn or adjusted lifejacket may not keep the wearer afloat with the mouth out of the water, and may cause serious injury when jumping from height into the water. The wearer must be familiar with the donning instructions and must practice the lifejacket donning procedure.

Figure 5.4 救生衣穿戴
Donning Lifejacket

5.3 使用救生衣離開母船時

Using Lifejackets Leaving the Ship

若無法坐在救生艇上放下小艇，請沿著登艇梯、逃生繩或(萬不得已時)已妥善繫固的消防皮龍，登上母船旁的救生艇。如果無法做到，請緩慢入水並先用腳下水。這可以防止冷休克。
If it is impossible to board a survival craft before launching, climb down an embarkation ladder, escape rope or as a last resort, a suitably secured fire hose and board the survival craft alongside. If this is not possible, enter the water slowly and feet first. This will guard against cold shock.

在爬上救生艇之前，請先做短暫的適應。如果可能，請將母船停在救生艇的上風面。如果船在水中靜止不動，船往下風舷飄移的速度可能比游泳者的速度還快。

Acclimatise for a short period before making for the survival craft. If possible, leave the ship on the windward side. If it is dead in the water, the ship may drift down faster than a swimmer can swim away.

如果被迫跳入水中，請確保您的救生衣已牢牢繫固。如果沒有牢牢繫固，跳入水中時可能會傷害頭部。然後，如果可以，請下降到低於30英尺(約9公尺)的高度。低於15英尺(約4.6公尺)是理想的高度。如果從30英尺以上的地方跳下，您可能會受傷(這取決於您跳下的高度和身體入水的角度)。如果配戴了假牙、眼鏡或隱形眼鏡，請取下。同時，請從口袋中取出所有尖銳物品。如圖2.5所示，擺出跳躍姿勢，並執行以下操作：

If forced to jump into the water, make sure that your jacket is well secured. If it is not well secured, you could hurt your head when you jump. Then get down to a height of less than 30 feet (about 9 metre) if you can. Below 15 feet (about 4.6 metre) is ideal. If you jump from higher than 30 feet, you can hurt yourself (this depends on the height from which you jump and the angle at which your body hits the water). If worn, remove false teeth, eyeglasses, or contact lenses. Also remove any sharp objects from your pockets. Get in the jump position as attached Figure 2.5 and do the following:

1. 站在船舷上，檢查水中是否有雜物。

Stand on the gunwale and check the water for debris.

2. 檢查救生衣是否係好，所有帶子是否繫緊。

Check to see if the life jacket is tied and all the straps are secured.

3. 用左手捏住鼻子並摀住嘴巴。

Hold your nose and cover your mouth with your left hand.

4. 用右手交叉握住左手，並牢牢抓住救生衣領口。

Cross over your left hand with your right hand and hold the life jacket collar securely.

5. 盡可能將手肘貼近身體兩側。

Hold your elbows into your side as much as possible.

6. 保持頭部和眼睛平視前方。不要低頭。

Keep head and eyes straight ahead. Do not look down.

7. 用任一腳向前踏一步。

Take one step out using either foot.

8. 將後腿抬高到前腿後面，使兩條腿在腳踝處交叉。如果您踩到漂浮的雜物，這可以保護您。

Bring your trailing leg up behind your leading leg so that they cross at the ankles. This will protect you if you should land on any floating debris.

 

在水中

In the Water

遠離母船，避免被困住。穿著救生衣靜靜漂浮，盡量減少活動。

Get clear of the vessel to avoid being trapped. Float quietly in the lifejacket and minimise activity.

採取「H.E.L.P.」姿勢(減低失溫姿勢)，盡量減少身體熱量流失。手肘靠近胸部，並抓住救生衣的領口。同時，雙腿交叉，抬至胸前。

Use the H.E.L.P. (Heat Escape Lessening Posture) attitude to minimise body heat loss. Keep elbows close to the chest and grip the neck of the lifejacket. At the same time, cross legs and bring them up to the chest.

如果水中有一群人，請靠近並圍成一個面向內側的圓圈，這被稱為「HUDDLE」(擁抱)姿勢。

If there is a group of people in the water, close-up and form a circle facing inwards, this is known as the HUDDLE position.

Figure 5.5 減低失溫和擁抱姿勢
HELP and HADDLE positions

 

在波濤洶湧的海面上，可能無法保持「減低失溫」和「擁抱」姿勢。倖存者應盡量背對風向和海浪，以免被浪花濺起。如果可能，請排成長隊或「鱷魚式」，每位倖存者緊緊擁抱住前面的倖存者。如果附近有救生艇或殘骸，請利用這種方式盡快脫離水面。

In rough seas it may not be possible to maintain the HELP and HUDDLE positions. Survivors should try to keep their backs to the wind and sea direction to protect from wave splash. If possible, form a long line or CROCODILE where each survivor clutches and cuddles the survivor in front. If a survival craft or wreckage is in the vicinity, use this to get out of the water as quickly as possible.

 

溺水防護

Drownproofing

溺水防護，也稱為水中求生，是基於人體肺部充滿空氣時會自然浮起的原理。它旨在幫助任何人在水中延長生存期限，即使是不會游泳但穿著整齊的人。溺水防護可以為潛在的溺水者節省體力。長時間執行溺水防護步驟比透過游泳保持漂浮要容易得多。每位船員都應該了解溺水防護，因為它是無需救生圈也能保持漂浮的絕佳方法。以下五個步驟可以仔細地描述溺水防護方法。

Drownproofing, also called water survival, is based on the natural buoyancy of the human body when the lungs are filled with air. It is intended to keep anyone alive in the water indefinitely, even a non-swimmer who is fully clothed. Drownproofing saves energy for the potential drowning victim. It is much easier to do the steps on drownproofing for long periods of time than to stay afloat by swimming. Each crew member should know drownproofing since it is an excellent way to stay afloat without a life preserver. This method can best be described in the following five steps.

 

第一步： 休息姿勢
Step 1 Resting Position

游泳者深吸一口氣，然後沉入水面以下。保持臉部朝下，後腦勺與水面齊平。保持這個姿勢，游泳者不會再下沉。

The swimmer takes a deep breath and then sinks below the surface. The face is kept down with the back of the head even with the water surface. In this position, he will sink no deeper.

 

第二步： 準備呼氣
Step 2 Preparing to Exhale

當準備好再次呼吸時(大約6到10秒)，保持身體和頭部如圖所示姿勢，游泳者緩慢抬起手臂至肩高。雙腿緩慢分開，呈剪刀式打腿。

When ready for another breath (in about 6 to 10 seconds), maintaining the body and head position as shown, the swimmer slowly lifts the arms to about shoulder height. The legs slowly separate into a scissors-type kick.

 

步驟 3： 呼氣
Step 3 Exhalation

游泳者的頭部抬高至嘴巴露出水面的高度。現在，游泳者透過鼻子、嘴巴或兩者同時呼氣。為了保持平衡，游泳者的眼睛應該睜開。

The head of the swimmer is raised just high enough for the mouth to be out of the water. The swimmer now exhales through the nose, the mouth, or both. To give the swimmer bearing, the eyes should be open.

步驟 4： 吸氣
Step 4 Inhalation

當頭部垂直時，游泳者將手臂向下壓，雙腿併攏。然後用嘴巴吸氣。手臂和腿部的動作應緩慢進行。

As the head becomes vertical, the swimmer presses his arms downward and brings his legs together. The air is then inhaled through the mouth. The action of arms and legs should be done slowly.

 

步驟 5： 回到休息姿勢
Step 5 Return to Rest Position

游泳者放鬆手臂，同時雙腿回到懸垂姿勢。游泳者的臉再次浸入水中，再次「休息」。然後重複此循環。

The swimmer relaxes his arms, and at the same time his legs move back to a dangling position. The swimmer’s face goes back into the water and he “rests” once again. The cycle is then repeated.

雖然大多數人都能輕鬆掌握防溺水技巧，但在水面呼吸需要技巧，因此需要指導。

While most persons can master drown proofing easily, skill is involved in breathing close to the water and instruction is necessary.

在濃稠的油火中游泳

Swimming through thick oil fire

警告：在濃稠的油火中游泳時，切勿穿著救生衣。

Warning: Never wear a life jacket while swimming in a thick oil fire.

步驟 1 從船的上風面入水(上風面是指風吹來的方向)，腳先入水，一手摀住口鼻，另一手摀住眼睛。

Step 1 Enter the water on the windward side of the vessel (windward is the direction from which the wind blows), feet first with one hand over the nose and mouth and the other hand covering the eyes.

步驟 2 在水面下保持平衡並開始游泳。

Step 2 Level out under the surface of the water and start swimming.

步驟 3 當您必須呼吸時，以垂直向上的姿勢浮出水面，雙手伸過頭頂。

Step 3 When you must breathe, surface in a straight up-and-down position with your hands extended above your head.

步驟 4 在浮出水面之前，呼出肺部約 75% 的空氣。

Step 4 Exhale about 75 percent of the air in your lungs before breaking the surface. 

步驟 5 一旦你的手露出表面，就開始以圓週運動拍打掉燃燒的油。

Step 5 As soon as your hands break the surface, start beating away the burning oil with a circular thrashing motion.

步驟 6 潛入水中前充分吸氣。
Step 6 Fully inhale before submerging.

步驟 7 繼續以這種方式游泳，直到遠離燃燒的油為止。

Step 7 Continue swimming in this manner until you are clear of the burning oil.

在稀薄的油火中游泳
Swimming through thin oil fire

警告：遊過汽油或稀薄油火場時，請務必穿著救生衣。始終保持頭部露出水面。
Warning: Wear your life jacket at all times while swimming through a gasoline or thin oil fire. Keep your head above water at all times.

步驟 1 從船的上風面入水，雙腳先入水，一手摀住口鼻，另一手遮住眼睛。

Step 1 Enter the water from the windward side of the vessel, feet first with one hand over the nose and mouth and the other hand covering the eyes.

步驟 2 雙手舉至臉前，手肘伸直，手掌露出水面一半。

Step 2 Bring your hands up in front of your face, elbows extended with the palms halfway out of the water.

步驟 3 將水從前方推開，繼續划水，直到手臂伸直。

Step 3 Push the water out in front and continue the stroke until your arms are straight out from the body.

步驟 4 繼續游泳，直到脫離危險。

Step 4 Continue swimming until you are out of danger.

鯊魚

Sharks

當倖存者在已知有鯊魚出沒的水域時，應：

When survivors are in the water in an area known to be inhabited by sharks they should:

1. 保留所有衣物，特別是腿和腳。

Retain all clothing, especially on legs and feet.

2. 保持安靜，盡可能靜止，僅在需要將鯊魚保持在視線內時移動。

Keep quiet and as stationary as possible and only move to keep the shark in sight.

3. 群體時，圍成一個面向外的圓圈。

When in a group, form a circle facing outwards.

4. 包紮流血的傷口。

Bind bleeding wounds.

5. 盡量減少游泳。使用規律、有節奏的划水動作，避免隨意移動和濺水。

Swim as little as possible. Use regular, rhythmic strokes, avoiding random movements and splashing.

 

5.4 保養和維修

Maintenance and Repair

救生衣燈的電池電源必須根據製造商的說明定期進行測試和檢查。測試不合格或超過有效期限的電源必須立即丟棄並更換。

Battery power supplies for lifejacket lights must be regularly tested and inspected according to the manufacturers' instructions. Power supplies which fail to test correctly, or which have passed their expiry date, must be discarded and replaced immediately.

船員在船上期間有責任妥善保管其指定的救生衣。

Crew members are responsible for the care of their assigned lifejacket for their time onboard.

任何救生衣出現任何損壞跡象時，必須立即報告安全官。

Any sign of deterioration in ANY lifejacket must be immediately reported to the Safety Officer.

救生衣的維修只能由製造商或製造商授權的人員進行。

Lifejackets repairs must ONLY be carried out by the manufacturer, or persons authorised by the manufacturer.

必須定期檢查救生衣，確保其狀況良好，且所有救生衣配件均能正常運作。

Regular inspections of lifejackets must be carried out to ensure that they are in good condition, and that all lifejacket attachments function correctly.

安全官負責所有救生衣的檢查和維護，包括位於儲物櫃、駕駛台、機艙控制室和其他類似有人值守場所的備用救生衣。

The Safety Officer is responsible for the inspection and maintenance of all lifejackets including the spare lifejackets located in lockers and on the bridge, the engine control room and other such manned places.

 

5.5 使用救生衣搜救輔助

Use of Lifejacket Detection Aids

救生衣外表為以醒目的材質並附有燈。此外，每件救生衣前後都貼有反光帶，口袋中還配有哨子。

Lifejackets are covered in a highly visible material and are fitted with a light. In addition, each is fitted with retro-reflective tapes at the front and rear and has a whistle stowed in a pocket.

在水中時，使用哨子和燈請務必保持節能。並盡量減少游泳次數，這樣您就能與其他倖存者匯合。

When in the water, try to conserve energy at all times. Use of the whistle and light and limited swimming should enable you to join with other survivors.

救生衣燈至少可提供八小時照明。如果您的救生衣配有手動開關，請在不需要時關閉燈，以節省電池電量。

Lifejacket lights will provide illumination for at least eight hours. If your lifejacket is provided with a manual light switch, conserve the battery by switching off the light when not needed.

群體可以用「擁抱」或「鱷魚夾」的姿勢聚集在一起，更容易被救援人員發現。

A group together in the HUDDLE or CROCODILE position is a much easier target for rescuers to spot because of the numbers of highly visible lifejackets.

如果聽到救援船的聲音，請使用哨子和燈輔助搜救。夜間時，救援人員探照燈的光線會被救生衣上的反光帶反射。

If rescue craft are heard, use whistles and lights to aid detection. At night, light from rescuers' searchlights will be reflected from the retro-reflective tapes on the lifejackets.

 

5.6 附錄(本船設備詳情及穿戴說明)

Appendix (Own ship’s equipment detail and donning instruction)

附錄-1 救生衣穿戴說明

Appendix-1 Lifejacket donning instruction