船上消防訓練手冊 - 第五章 火災偵測

船上消防訓練手冊
Shipboard Fire Training Manual

尚作仁船長 編撰 Compiled by Captain David Shang

第五章 火災偵測
Chapter 5 Fire Detection

5. 一般資訊

General Information

本章闡述了早期火災偵測的重要性，並概述了船上使用的典型火災偵測設備類型。

This chapter explains the importance of early fire detection and provides an overview of the typical types of fire detection devices used onboard.

本章強調時刻保持警覺並採取有效防火措施的必要性。

It reinforces the need to be continually vigilant and exercise effective fire prevention measures at all times.

 

5.1 引言

Introduction

安裝功能齊全的火災和瓦斯偵測系統，其重要性怎麼強調也不為過。

The importance of a fully functional fire and where fitted, gas detection system cannot be overstated.

從最初偵測到熱量、煙霧或危險濃度的瓦斯到採取有效應對措施，時間非常短暫。煙霧和氣體會在短時間內使船員和消防員難以找到火源，尤其是在船上眾多的密閉空間內。

There is but a short time available from initial detection of heat, smoke or dangerous concentration of gas to mounting an effective response. Smoke and gases will within a short time, make it extremely difficult for the crew and fire fighters to find the source of a fire, especially in confined spaces of which there are many on board a ship.

當火勢蔓延時，火焰路徑上任何物體的表面溫度通常會達到約500°C - 600°C。在這些溫度下，將會產生連鎖反應，除非加以控制，否則火勢蔓延不可避免。

When a fire has gained a foothold, it is not uncommon for the surface of anything in the flame path to reach temperatures of about 500° - 600°C. At these temperatures the chain reaction is well underway and unless confined, fire spread is inevitable.

因此，越早發現火災，就越有可能將其限制在源頭，從而控制火勢蔓延並最終將其撲滅。

Therefore the earliest a fire can be detected, the better chance of confining it to its source and thereby controlling fire spread to extinguish it.

法規明確說明了高效能偵測和警報系統的重要性，並強調了以下的功能要求：

Regulations are quite clear on the importance of efficient detection and alarm systems, stressing the following functional requirements:

1. 固定式火災偵測和警報系統的安裝，應適合空間性質、火災發展潛力以及煙霧和氣體產生的可能性。

Fixed fire detection and fire alarm system installations shall be suitable for the nature of the space, fire growth potential and potential generation of smoke and gases.

2. 手動操作的警報點應放置在有效位置，以確保隨時可用來發出通知。

Manually operated call points shall be placed effectively to ensure a readily accessible means of notification.

 

5.2 自動和手動火災偵測

Automatic and manual fire detection

國際消防安全系統和設備法規，規定了固定式火災偵測和火災警報系統安裝的最低標準。

The international regulations for fire safety systems and equipment lay down minimum standards for the installation of fixed fire detection and fire alarm systems.

雖然安裝標準會因船舶年齡、類型和監控區域的不同而有所差異，但可以概括如下。

Although the installation criteria differ according to the age and type of vessel, and the spaces being monitored, a generalised overview can be presented.

1. 任何固定式火災偵測系統(以及具有手動操作警報點的火災警報系統)必須能隨時立即可用。

Any fixed fire detection system (and fire alarm system with manually operated call points) must be capable of immediate operation at all times.

2. 火災偵測和火災警報系統的控制面板，應位於駕駛室或主消防控制站(如適用)。

The control panel for the fire detection and fire alarm system is to be located on the navigating bridge or in the main fire control station if appropriate.

3. 火災偵測系統和火災警報系統應至少配備兩個獨立的電源，其中一個電源來自緊急電源。任何故障或斷電都應在控制面板上發出聲光警報。

At least two separate electrical supplies are to power the fire detection system and fire alarm system, with one supply being derived from emergency sources. Any fault or loss of power must initiate a visual and audible alarm at the control panel.

4. 偵測器和手動操作警報點應按規定區域分組，以便任何此類設備的啟動都會在控制面板和指示裝置上發出易於識別的火災信號(包括聲光信號)。若火災訊號響起2分鐘後仍未確認，則應在起居處所、控制站及機艙自動發出警報。

Detectors and manually operated call points are to be grouped into defined sections, so that the activation of any such device causes a readily identifiable fire signal, both audible and visual, at the control panel and indicating units. If the fire signal remains unacknowledged after 2 minutes of sounding, an alarm is to be automatically sounded in the accommodation, control stations and machinery spaces.

5. 火災指示裝置必須顯示出偵測器或警報按鈕啟動的區域，並應位於當值船員方便監控的位置。

Fire indicating units must show the section in which a detector or call point has activated and be conveniently located for responsible members of the crew.

6. 監控控制站、服務場所或起居場所的火災偵測器，不得監控A類機艙區域。

A section of fire detectors that monitors a control station, a service space or an accommodation space must not monitor a category A machinery space.

7. 應設置區域尋址火災偵測系統(1994年10月1日後安裝在船舶上)。

Zone addressable fire detection systems (fitted on ships after 1^st October, 1994) are to be arranged.

8. 偵測器應可由熱、煙霧或其他燃燒產物、火焰或其任何組合觸發。

Detectors can be triggered by heat, smoke or other products of combustion, flame, or any combination thereof.

9. 然而，火焰偵測器只能與煙霧或熱探測器配合使用。

However, flame detectors can only be used in conjunction with smoke or heat detectors.

10. 偵測器應策略性地安裝在遠離氣流不規則且有物理損壞風險(易受損)的區域。

Detectors should be strategically positioned away from areas of irregular airflow and risk of physical damage.

11. 在整個起居場所、服務場所和控制站內應安裝手動操作的警報按鈕。

Manually operated call points are to be installed throughout the accommodation, service spaces and control stations.

12. 住宿場所內的所有樓梯間、巷道和逃生路線應安裝煙霧偵測器。

Smoke detectors shall be installed in all stairways, alleyways and escape routes within the accommodation.

 

火災偵測器的類型

Types of fire detectors

熱探測器 - 是最古老的自動火災偵測器，其設計與自動灑水系統的發展息息相關，最早可追溯到1860年代。

Heat detectors - the oldest type of automatic fire detector linked in design to the development of automatic sprinkler systems as far back as the 1860's.

雖然它們通常是最便宜的火災偵測器，且誤報率最低，但它們也有一個明顯的缺點，那就是它們偵測火災的速度最慢。因此，熱偵測器最好安裝在狹小的密閉空間內，在這些空間內，偵測速度並非首要考慮因素，或者煙霧、灰塵等顆粒的排放可能會妨礙其他類型偵測器的安裝。

Although they are generally the least expensive of fire detectors and will indicate the lowest number of "false" alarms, they have a significant disadvantage in that they are the slowest in detecting a fire. Therefore a heat detector is best located in a small confined space where speed of detection is not a priority or in areas where the emission of particles such as smoke or dust may preclude the installation of other types of detector.

海上曾使用過各種類型的熱探測器。然而，目前最常見的類型是溫升率探測器。這種偵測器的優點是能夠補償環境溫度的上升，並且在被監測空間內溫度快速上升(通常為每分鐘7° - 8°C)時仍能正常運作。

Various types of heat detector have been used at sea. However the most common type to be found today is the rate of rise detector. This unit has the advantage of being able to compensate for rises in ambient temperature whilst being able to function when a rapid rise of temperature occurs - typically 7° - 8°C per minute within the space being monitored.

現代溫升率探測器有時可用作組合探測器，當溫度超過固定值時可發出警報，或者更常見的是使用幾個熱敏電阻感測元件來響應溫度變化而產生電阻變化。
Modern rate of rise detectors are sometimes available as combination detectors that can alarm on exceeding a fixed temperature or more commonly use a couple of thermistor sensing elements to produce a change in electrical resistance in response to a change in temperature.

圖5-1 熱探測器、手動警報按鈕和火災警報裝置

Figure 5-1 Heat detectors, manually operated call points and fire alarm

 

煙霧偵測器 - 比熱偵測器能更快偵測到大多數火災，因此在大多數居住區域都能看到。

Smoke detectors - will detect most fires much more speedily than a heat detector and therefore will be seen in most accommodation areas.

煙霧偵測器有兩種類型：此處所示的電離型和下圖所示的較不常見的光電型或光學型。

Two types of smoke detector are available namely the ionisation type, shown here and the less common photoelectric or optical type shown below.

圖5-2 電離型煙霧偵測器
Figure 5-2 Ionisation type smoke detector

這種電離作用使空氣具有導電性，並允許電流在兩個電極之間流動。當煙霧顆粒進入感測室時，它們會附著在空氣中的帶電離子顆粒上，從而降低感測室內空氣的電導率。這會導致電導率下降並觸發偵測器警報。

This ionisation makes the air conductive and permits a flow of current between two electrodes. When smoke particles enter the sensing chamber, they decrease the conductance of the air in the sensing chamber by attaching themselves to the charged ion particles of air. This causes a drop in conductance and triggers a detector contact.

光電型或光學型煙霧偵測器的基本工作原理，是火災產生的懸浮煙霧顆粒會遮蔽或散射光束。

The photoelectric or optical smoke detector operates on the basic principle of that suspended smoke particles produced by the fire will obscure or scatter a light beam.

 

圖5-3 光學型煙霧偵測器

Figure 5-3 Optical type smoke detector

 

手動操作警報點

Manually operated call points

船上各處的一個重要裝置是手動操作警報點，也稱為手動警報箱，有時也稱為火災警報按鈕。

An important device to be found around the ship is the manually operated call point, otherwise known as a manual alarm box or sometimes a fire alarm push button.

這些警報裝置連接到船舶的火災警報系統，並可在整個住艙的控制站、樓梯以及公共場所和服務場所中找到。

These alarm devices are connected to the ship's fire alarm system and will be found in the control stations, stairways and public and service spaces throughout the accommodation.

安裝這些裝置是為了讓船員和乘客能夠發出早期且確認的火災警報，通常是在自動偵測器觸發之前。

The devices are installed in order that crew and passengers can give an early and indisputable warning of fire, often before an automatic detector has triggered.

手動操作警報點位於每個場所或艙間的出口處，並且必須安裝在每層甲板的走道中，使走道的任何部分與警報點的距離均不超過20公尺。

Located at the exit of each space or compartment, manually operated call points must also be positioned in the alleyways of each deck such that no part of the alleyway is more than 20 metres from a call point.

圖5-4 手動操作警報點
Figure 5-4 Manually operated call points

 

火災控制面板

Fire control panels

要完善火災偵測和火災警報系統，需要安裝一個控制單元來解析來自遠端設備的輸入訊號。

To complete the fire detection and fire alarm system requires the installation of a control unit to interpret the incoming signals from remote devices.

火災控制面板，也稱為偵測和警報系統控制單元或火災警報器面板，可在駕駛室發出聲光警報。通常在機艙或機艙控制室、部分高級船員艙室以及船舶消防控制室(如有)內，也會安裝額外的輔助面板或中繼面板。

The fire control panel, otherwise called a detection and alarm system control unit or fire annunciator panel initiates a visual and audible alarm on the navigating bridge. Additional secondary or repeater panels will be commonly found in the engine room or engine control room, in selected officer's quarters and where fitted, in the ship's fire control room.

若2分鐘後仍無人回應火災訊號，火災控制面板將啟動船舶火災警報系統。

If after 2 minutes, a fire signal remains unanswered, the fire control panel will initiate the ship's fire alarm system.

所有火災控制面板及其相關指示裝置，均會指示船上火災偵測器被啟動或手動警報按鈕被啟動的區域。

All fire control panels and their associated indicating units will indicate the section of the ship in which a fire detector has been activated or a manually operated call point has been operated.

 

5.3 煙霧偵測系統

Smoke detection systems

概述

General

船上煙霧偵測系統的主要優勢在於能夠在火災悶燒或早期火焰階段辨識火災 - 其原理類似於人類的嗅覺。因此，它們能夠提供早期警報，為船員提供寶貴的時間來應變和控制正在蔓延的火勢。

Aboard ship, the main advantage of smoke detection systems is their ability to identify a fire while it is still in its smouldering or early flame stage - in a way they replicate the human sense of smell. Because of this, they provide an early alarm and give the crew valuable minutes to respond and control the developing fire.

儘管海運市場上有各種類型的偵測設備，但海上主要使用的煙霧偵測系統是空氣採樣偵測系統或取樣抽取式煙霧偵測系統。此系統主要用於早期偵測貨艙內的火災。

Although various types of detecting devices are available for the marine market, the main smoke detection system used at sea is the air-sampling detection system or sample extraction smoke detection system. Such a system, used mainly to provide early detection of a fire in a cargo hold.

 

工作原理

Operation

典型的取樣抽取式煙霧偵測系統由兩個主要部件組成：

A typical sample extraction smoke detection system consists of two main components:

1. 一個控制單元，用於容納煙霧偵測室、抽氣風扇以及操作和警報電路。

A control unit to house a smoke detection chamber, an aspirating fan and operating and alarm circuitry.

2. 一個取樣管或管道網路

A network of sampling tubes or pipes.

空氣被持續採樣，並從受保護區域輸送到駕駛台的控制單元。在此過程中，部分樣品透過管道輸送至火災偵測器，通常是光電或光學煙霧偵測器，如前所述。如果煙霧遮蔽或感測器光散射達到預設限值，即會觸發警報。

Air is continuously sampled and channelled from the protected space to the control unit on the navigating bridge. During this process, a portion of the sample is routed through tubing to a fire detector, typically a photoelectric or optical smoke detector as described earlier. In the event that smoke obscuration or sensor light scattering reaches a pre-set limit, an alarm is initiated.

 

5.4 附錄(本船設備詳情及操作程序)

Appendix (Own ship’s equipment detail and operation procedures)

(檢附本船的「火災偵測和警報系統」和「樣品萃取煙霧偵測系統」設備詳情及操作程序)

(Attached are the equipment details and operating procedures of the own ship's "Fire Detection and Alarm System" and "Sample Extraction Smoke Detection System")