船上消防訓練手冊 - 第六章 手提式和半攜式消防設備

船上消防訓練手冊
Shipboard Fire Training Manual

尚作仁船長 編撰 Compiled by Captain David Shang

第六章 手提式和半攜式消防設備
Chapter 6 Portable & Semi-Portable Fire Appliances

6. 一般資訊

General Information

本章介紹了各種手提式和半攜式滅火器以及其他在火災發生時提供第一道防線的設備。

This chapter introduces the range of portable and semi-portable extinguishers and other appliances that provide a first line of attack in the event of fire.

為了確保滅火應變有效，本章還提供了選擇最合適設備的資訊。

In order that the fire fighting response is effective, information is also provided in order that the most appropriate appliance is selected.

 

6.1 引言

Introduction

很多情況下，船上火災初期規模都較小，如果能及早發現或偵測到，可以使用手提式或半攜式消防設備進行撲滅。

In many instances, a shipboard fire has small beginnings and if discovered or detected early can be attacked by the use of portable or semi-portable fire appliances.

手提式滅火器反應迅速，在訓練有素的船員手中，能夠迅速撲滅火焰並冷卻火災區域。然而，所有手提式滅火器的滅火劑供應都是有限的 - 通常不到一分鐘 - 良好的消防實踐要求任何滅火器都需搭配蓄壓的水皮龍。
A portable extinguisher offers rapid reaction and, in the hands of well-trained member of crew, is capable of snuffing out flames and cooling the immediate fire area. However, all portable extinguishers have a finite supply of extinguishing agent - usually less than a minute's supply - and good fire practice demands that any extinguisher be backed up with a charged hose line.

半攜式滅火器可提供更大的滅火劑量，通常位於船舶火災風險較高的區域，例如機艙。然而，這些設備也存在與手提式設備相同的局限性，應始終搭配其他滅火設備。
Semi-portable appliances offer larger amounts of extinguishing agent and are often to be found in areas of the ship with higher fire risk, for example in machinery rooms. However these appliances suffer from the same limitations of portable units and should always be backed up with alternate means of attacking the fire.

對手提式消防設備的正確使用進行訓練至關重要。未經訓練的人員往往會高估自己的滅火能力，並會因操作不當而浪費滅火劑。
Training in the proper use of portable fire appliances is vital. Untrained personnel often over-estimate their ability to put a fire out and will waste the extinguishing agent through improper actions.

因此，除了在陸上進行的基本防火和滅火訓練外，還需要對每位船員進行定期訓練，包括練習使用船上配備的各種手提式和半攜式滅火器。
Therefore in addition to the basic fire prevention and fire fighting instruction carried out ashore, periodic training sessions including practice with the various types of portable and semi-portable extinguisher carried on board, is also required for every crew member.

 

6.2 滅火器標識

Extinguisher identification

總則

General

所有船上使用的手提式滅火器必須按照國家標準或其他公認標準製造，例如ISO 3941/BS EN-2或NFPA 10。

All portable fire extinguishers supplied for use aboard ship must be manufactured to a national or other recognised standard for example ISO 3941/BS EN-2, or NFPA 10.

每個滅火器外殼應包含以下資訊：

Each extinguisher casing should carry the following details:

1. 製造商名稱

Manufacturer's name

2. 滅火器適用的火災類型

Types of fire for which the extinguisher is suitable

3. 所含滅火劑的種類和數量

Type and quantity of extinguishing agent contained

4. 認證資訊

Approval details

5. 使用和充裝說明

Instructions for use and recharge

6. 製造年份及維護記錄

Year of manufacture and maintenance record

7. 滅火器正常工作的溫度範圍

Temperature range over which the extinguisher will operate satisfactorily

8. 測試壓力

Test pressure

由於歐洲標準的合併，滅火器的顏色編碼系統已發生變化。自1997年起，所有新型滅火器的外殼均應為紅色。

As a result of merging European standards, the system for colour coding fire extinguishers has changed. From 1997, the casings of all new fire extinguishers will be coloured red.

下表應有助於識別船上配備的標準滅火器，並提醒其最佳用途：

The table below should assist in the identification of standard extinguishers carried onboard and act as a reminder of their best use:

5.3 手提式滅火器
Portable extinguishers

手提式滅火器用於立即滅火，尤其適用於需要迅速採取行動防止火勢進一步蔓延的情況。因此，適當類型的手提式滅火器應策略性地放置在船舶各處，如果打算在艙室內使用，則應放置在該艙室入口附近。

Portable extinguishers are used for immediate fire attack and are especially useful in situations where prompt action will prevent further fire spread. For that reason, portable extinguishers of appropriate types are strategically positioned around the ship and, where intended to be used within a space, are to be positioned near the entrance to that space.

然而，由於容量(或等效容量)在9公升至13.5公升之間不等，所有手提式滅火器都存在一個重大缺點，即滅火劑的供應時間有限。因此，任何可攜式設備都必須搭配額外的滅火裝置，通常是從船舶消防總管引出的蓄壓水皮龍。
However with capacities (or equivalent capabilities) varying between 9 litres and 13.5 litres, all portable extinguishers suffer a major disadvantage in that the supply of their extinguishing agent is of limited duration. For this reason, it is of vital importance that any portable appliance is supported by additional means of fire fighting, normally a charged hose line from the ships fire main.

為了確保有效，訓練有素的船員應能操作手提式滅火器。事實上，缺乏使用這些設備訓練的海員會因使用不當而浪費滅火劑，並且通常會高估自己的滅火能力。
To be effective, trained crew should operate portable extinguishers. Indeed, seafarers with little training in the use of these appliances will waste extinguishing agent through improper application and will usually overestimate their fire fighting ability.

定期訓練，包括練習使用即將過期和檢查的滅火器，是法規強制性要求，也是防止這些設備無效使用的最佳保障。
Periodic training, including practice with extinguishers due to be discharged and inspected, is mandatory and represents the best insurance against ineffective use of these appliances.

泡沫滅火器
Foam extinguishers

泡沫滅火器外觀精美，但滅火能力更強，因此在船上非常實用。
Foam extinguishers have a physical appearance possessed a far greater fire fighting capability and therefore usefulness aboard ship.

有兩種類型可供選擇：一種是較老式、現已淘汰的倒置式；另一種是直立式或針式，後者已取代倒置式，通常採用預混合成泡沫溶液作為滅火劑。
Two types are available - one being the older and now obsolete inverted type and the other, the upright or pin type that has superseded it and commonly employs a pre-mixed synthetic foam solution as its extinguishing agent.

現代直立式或針式泡沫滅火器採用預混泡沫化合物，通常稱為水成膜泡沫(AFFF)，有時還會添加抗醇(AR)劑。該化合物透過高壓二氧化碳氣瓶釋放的壓力從滅火器中排出，或透過氮氣或壓縮空氣(儲壓滅火器)等惰性氣體，對滅火器鋼瓶進行預加壓，並使用排放軟管末端的空氣吸入排放噴嘴進行攪拌。
The design of the modern upright or pin type of foam extinguisher employs a pre-mix foam compound generically known as aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), sometimes with the addition of alcohol resistant (AR) agents. The compound is expelled from the extinguisher casing by pressure released from a CO2 gas cartridge or by the casing being pre-pressurised with an inert gas such as nitrogen or compressed air (the stored pressure extinguisher), and agitated using an air aspirated discharge nozzle at the end of the discharge hose.

這種滅火器可有效撲滅涉及可燃固體的A類火災以及涉及碳氫化合物和極性溶劑易燃液體(註)的B類火災。
This type of extinguisher is effective on Class A fires involving combustible solids as well as on Class B fires involving both hydrocarbon and polar solvent flammable liquids.

註；極性溶劑(Polar Solvent)是指分子内存在顯著電偶極矩的溶劑，其分子結構通常包含極性鍵(如羟基、羰基等)，且分子間可通過氫鍵或偶極 - 偶極作用形成強相互作用力。這類溶劑的特點是介電常數較高，能夠有效溶解離子化合物或其他極性物質。

操作時，移除安全環銷或密封件，並擠壓噴射桿，將滅火劑噴射至火源上方。壓力表有助於顯示滅火器處於就緒狀態。
For operation, to remove a security ring pin or seal and the squeezing of a discharge lever to direct the stream of agent above the seat of the fire. A pressure gauge assists in maintaining the extinguisher in a ready condition.

滅火器通常提供6公升和9公升兩種容量。兩種容量的有效射程均為3.5至5公尺。6公升滅火器的操作時間約為25秒，而更大容量的滅火器的操作時間約為40秒。

The extinguisher is normally available in 6 litres and 9 litres capacities. Both offer an effective range of 3.5 to 5 metres. The operator can expect a foam availability of about 25 seconds for the 6 litres unit and about 40 seconds for the larger unit.

二氧化碳 (CO2) 滅火器

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) extinguishers

二氧化碳滅火器是海上常見的滅火器，因為它能夠撲滅B類和C類易燃液體、氣體(無論是否有電力)火災。
A familiar extinguisher at sea due to its ability to combat Class B and C fires involving flammable liquids, gases with or without live electrical hazard.

二氧化碳氣體以液態形式封存在滅火器的壓力外殼內。最常見的規格為2.3至9.1公斤液化氣體，壓力約為56巴(850磅/平方英吋)。滅火劑的噴射範圍為1.8至2.4公尺(3 - 8英尺)，持續時間依滅火器容量而定，為8至30秒。由於採用低碳鋼外殼而非陸上使用的鋁製外殼，其填充容量更高，因此特定船用型號的容量可達5.2、6.8、7.2和9.4公斤。

The CO₂ gas is contained as a liquid within the pressure casing of the extinguisher. The most common sizes contain between 2.3 and 9.1 kg of liquefied gas at a pressure of about 56 bars (850 psi). Discharge range of the extinguishing agent varies between 1.8 to 2.4 metres (3-8 ft) and depending on extinguisher capacity, has duration of between 8 and 30 seconds. Specific marine versions can have capacities of 5.2, 6.8, 7.2 and 9.4 kg due to the higher filling capacity of mild steel casings, instead of aluminium used shore side.

 

二氧化碳滅火器需攜帶至火災現場，由於噴射範圍有限，操作人員必須靠近火源。先將滅火器放置在地板上，並拔出鎖定銷。根據製造商的不同，可以透過擠壓兩個排放桿或打開手動閥來控制氣體的釋放。

CO₂ extinguishers are carried to the scene of the fire and, due to the restricted projectile range, the operator will have to get close to the fire. Place the extinguisher on the deck and remove the locking pin. Depending on manufacturer, control the release of gas by squeezing two discharge levers together or open a hand valve.

二氧化碳滅火器應存放在低於54°C的溫度下，以免觸發殼體安全閥。

CO₂ extinguishers should be stowed at temp. below 54°C in order to avoid actuation of the casing safety valve.

操作時，為避免凍傷，請務必握住軟管手柄，切勿握住噴灑喇叭口。請記住，噴灑後殼體也會非常冷。

To avoid cold injury when operating, always grasp the hose handle, never the discharge horn. Remember that the casing will also be very cold after discharge.

乾粉滅火器

Dry chemical/powder extinguishers

乾化學劑和乾粉這兩個術語可以互換使用，僅用於特定地區。乾粉滅火器有多種規格，使用多種化合物作為滅火劑。所有滅火劑均有B級和C級評級，但只有磷酸銨被歸類為真正的多用途ABC化合物。

The terms dry chemical and dry powder are interchangeable and used solely on a geographical basis. Dry chemical/powder extinguishers are available in several sizes using a variety of compounds as extinguishing agents. All agents have a Class B and C rating but only mono-ammonium phosphate is classed as a true multi-purpose ABC compound.

乾粉滅火器有筒式和儲壓式兩種類型，每種類型的操作特性相似。

Dry chemical extinguishers are available as cartridge-operated and stored-pressure types each having similar operating characteristics.

儲壓式乾粉滅火器中的推進劑氣體與乾粉滅火器同時填充。操作時，操作員只需拉動環形銷或密封圈，扣動扳機，控制噴射的化學藥劑以掃掠式動作清除燃料上的火源。

The propellant gas in stored-pressure dry chemical extinguisher is charged at the same time as the dry chemical. To operate, all the operator has to do is pull the ring pin or seal and squeeze the trigger, directing the jet of chemical in sweeping motions to clear the fire off the fuel.

6.4 半攜式滅火器

Semi-portable extinguishers

半攜式滅火器通常被定義為容量較大的獨立滅火裝置，其軟管可從滅火器中拉出並送至火災現場。半便攜式滅火器可以固定放置在船上的戰略位置，例如機艙鍋爐前部，也可以安裝輪子或推車上，以便於運輸至火災區域。

A semi-portable fire extinguisher is usually defined as a larger capacity, independent fire extinguishing unit from which a hose can be run out to the scene of the fire. Semi-portable extinguishers can be statically positioned at strategic locations aboard the ship, e.g. at the boiler front in the machinery room, or can be wheel or trolley-mounted to aid transportation to the fire area.

半攜式滅火器通常能夠為消防員提供大量的滅火劑。然而，軟管長度的限制抵消了這一優勢，而且與手提式滅火器一樣，滅火劑的供應有限。

The benefit semi-portable extinguishers give to the fire fighter is generally to bring a sizeable amount of agent to the fire. However, this is offset by limitations of hose length and, as seen for portable extinguishers, the availability of the extinguishing agent is finite.

在大多數情況下，半攜式滅火器旨在作為主要的滅火設備，如果滅火成功，則無需使用大型固定系統。對於手提式滅火器，則應始終搭配其他消防設備，例如消防皮龍和手提式泡沫製造設備(視情況而定)。

Semi-portable fire extinguishers are, in most cases, intended to be a primary source of fire attack which if successful negates the need to bring in to use large fixed systems. As for portable extinguishers, these units should always be backed-up with additional fire fighting equipment such as hose line and portable foam making-foam equipment as appropriate.

半攜式泡沫滅火器

Semi-portable foam extinguishers

這些裝置的容量在45升至150公升之間，通常含有一種通常稱為水成膜泡沫(AFFF)的泡沫化合物。

These units, having a capacity in the range of 45 or 150 litres, usually contain a foam compound generically known as aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF).

泡沫化合物透過安裝在外殼側面的二氧化碳氣瓶釋放的壓力，從滅火器容器中噴出，並使用位於排放軟管末端的吸氣式噴嘴進行攪拌。
The foam compound is expelled from the extinguisher casing by pressure released from a CO2 gas cartridge mounted on the side of the casing, and agitated using an air aspirated discharge nozzle at the end of the discharge hose.

此類滅火器可有效撲滅涉及可燃固體的A類火災，以及涉及碳氫化合物和極性溶劑易燃液體的B類火災。

This type of extinguisher is effective on Class A fires involving combustible solids as well as on Class B fires involving both hydrocarbon and polar solvent flammable liquids.

半攜式泡沫滅火器的操作原理與手提式滅火器相同，即移除安全環銷或密封件，從氣瓶中釋放二氧化碳氣體，然後擠壓排放桿，將滅火劑噴射到火源上方。壓力表有助於顯示滅火器處於就緒狀態。
For operation, the semi-portable foam extinguisher relies on the same principle as its portable cousin, namely the removal of a security ring pin or seal, the release of CO2 gas from the cartridge and the squeezing of a discharge lever to direct the stream of agent above the seat of the fire. A pressure gauge assists in maintaining the extinguisher in a ready condition.

6.5 便攜式泡沫系統

Portable foam systems

便攜式泡沫系統使用帶有吸管的機械泡沫噴嘴，幾乎可用於船上任何有消防皮龍的部位。無論使用哪種類型的空氣泡沫噴射器，該裝置都應能夠以至少1.5立方公尺/分鐘的噴射速度產生有效的泡沫，以撲滅油火。

Portable foam systems using a mechanical foam nozzle with pick-up tube can be used in virtually any part of the ship where hose line service is gained. Regardless of the type of air-foam applicator, the unit should be capable of producing effective foam, capable of extinguishing an oil fire, at the rate of at least 1.5m³/min.

雖然與半攜式系統相比，便攜式泡沫系統能夠有效地產生相對較大量的低膨脹泡沫，但它們可能存在泡沫濃縮液供應有限(便攜式儲桶約含20公升泡沫化合物)以及需要額外人力的問題。
Although the portable foam systems are effective in producing relatively large volumes of low expansion foam when compared to semi-portable systems, they may suffer with limited availability of foam concentrate (portable tanks contain about 20 litres of foam compound) and the need for additional manpower.

帶吸管的機械泡沫噴嘴

Mechanical foam nozzle with pick-up tube

一種不太方便但仍然有效的機械泡沫產生方法是使用帶有吸管的機械泡沫噴嘴。
A less convenient, but nevertheless an efficient method of producing mechanical foam is achieved through the use of a mechanical foam nozzle with pick-up tube.

如圖所示，機械泡沫噴嘴連接到船舶消防總管的標準皮龍。它透過吸氣籠吸入空氣，同時將裝在桶中的泡沫濃縮液吸入管內水流中。當空氣和泡沫溶液混合時，泡沫氣體將從機械泡沫噴嘴噴出。
As shown here, the mechanical foam nozzle is attached to a standard hose line from the ship's fire main. It draws air through an aspirating cage and at the same time pulls foam concentrate, contained in drums, into the water stream. When the air and foam solution mix, aerated mechanical foam is discharged from the nozzle.

6.6 防火毯

Fire blankets

在任何船上，使用熱油或油脂烹調食物都是高風險操作之一。如果疏忽廚房安全程序，導致食用油過熱，很容易引發火災並產生較大的火焰。由於隨之而來的高溫和煙霧，火災撲滅起來可能非常困難且危險。
One of the high-risk operations on any ship is food preparation using hot oil or fat. Brief inattention to galley safety procedures and overheating of cooking oil can easily result in ignition and relatively large amounts of flame. Due to the ensuing heat and smoke, the fire can be difficult and hazardous to extinguish.

當此類火災處於早期階段時，防火毯可以有效撲滅。事實上，有些觀點認為，在這種情況下，未經訓練的使用者使用手持滅火器實際上可能非常危險，而防火毯則可以提供額外的安全保障。

Whilst this type of fire is in its early stages, a fire blanket is effective in smothering this type of fire. Indeed a school of opinion has concluded that in these circumstances using a hand-held fire extinguisher can actually be dangerous in the hands of untrained users, while a fire blanket provides an added measure of security in this situation.

防火毯由防火材料製成。符合特定公認標準的防火毯上會貼有標識，表示是使用後丟棄，還是按照製造商說明清潔後再次使用。

Fire blankets are made of fire resistant materials. Fire blankets conforming to certain recognised standards will be marked to show whether they should be thrown away after use or used again after cleaning in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.

在油炸鍋火災中，應使用防火毯或濕布撲滅，切勿使用滅火器。防火毯應存放在廚房。

A fire blanket or damp cloth should be used on a fat pan fire and never use a fire extinguisher on a fat pan fire. Fire blankets should be kept in the galley.

請記住，防火毯對於衣物著火的火災受害者也能有效救火。

Remember that a fire blanket is also efficient in dealing with fire victims whose clothes are alight.