船上安全訓練手冊 - 第一章 應變部署和緊急指示

船上安全訓練手冊

Shipboard Safety Training Manual

尚作仁船長 編撰 Compiled by Captain David Shang

第一章 應變部署和緊急指示

Chapter 1 Mustering and Emergency Instructions

1.1 引言

Introduction

本手冊船符合或超越了1974年「國際海上人命安全公約」及其1978年和1988年議定書及其後續修正決議的要求。這項重要的公約(簡稱SOLAS)涵蓋了廣泛的標準，旨在提高航運安全。

As appropriate, this Manual meets or exceeds the requirements of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 1974, its Protocols of 1978 and 1988 and subsequent amending resolutions. This important Convention (known as SOLAS) covers a wide range of standards to be employed to improve the safety of shipping.

SOLAS的規定有助於確保在海上緊急情況下獲得最大的生存機會，前提是：

The regulations in SOLAS help to ensure the best possible chance of survival in an emergency at sea provided that:

1. 所有救生和緊急設備均妥善維護並定期測試。

All lifesaving and emergency equipment is correctly maintained and regularly tested.

2. 所有船員均接受過救生和緊急設備使用的適當訓練，並熟悉其位置。

All members of the crew are properly trained in the use of the lifesaving and emergency equipment and are familiar with its locations.

3. 所有船員均熟悉其緊急職責，並接受過遵循正確緊急程序的訓練。

All crew members are familiarised with their emergency duties and trained to follow the correct emergency procedure.

每位船員都有責任向安全官報告任何有缺陷或缺失的救生或安全設備。

Every member of the crew has a responsibility to report any defective or missing item of lifesaving or safety equipment to Safety Officer.

本手冊將協助所有船員了解其緊急職責。它將提供一種識別所有主要救生和安全設備的方法，並為負責進行緊急訓練和演習的船上人員提供支援資訊。

This Manual will assist all members of the crew in understanding their emergency duties. It will provide a means of identifying all major items of lifesaving and safety equipment and give supporting information to those persons onboard charged with the responsibility of carrying out emergency training and drills.

 

1.2 熟悉訓練

Familiarisation Training

作為「國際海上人命安全公約」規定的緊急訓練和操演的前提，所有新加入的船員都應接受足夠的資訊和指導，以便能夠：

As a precursor to planned emergency training and drills required by SOLAS, all new joining members of crew shall receive sufficient information and instruction to be able to:

1. 使自己理解基本的安全事項。

Make themselves understood on basic safety matters.

2. 了解安全標誌、符號和警報訊號的含義。

Know the meaning of safety signs, symbols and alarm signals.

3. 了解在人員落水、發現火災或煙霧以及火災或棄船警報響起時應採取的措施。

Understand what to do in the event of a person falling overboard, if fire or smoke is discovered and when the fire or abandon ship alarm is sounded.

4. 了解召集集合地點、登船站和緊急逃生路線。

Know their muster/assembly and embarkation station(s) and emergency escape routes.

5. 了解如何穿戴和使用緊急逃生呼吸裝置(EEBD)。

Know how to don and use an Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD).

6. 知道存放位置並且能夠正確穿上救生衣。

Locate and be able to correctly don their lifejacket.

7. 能啟動緊急警報並了解如何正確操作手提式滅火器。

Raise the emergency alarm and know how to operate a portable fire extinguisher correctly.

8. 了解在遇到事故時應採取的措施，並能在尋求進一步醫療救助之前進行急救。

Know what to do on encountering an accident and render first aid before seeking further medical assistance.

9. 能關閉並打開防火門、風雨密門和水密門。

Close and open the fire, weathertight and watertight doors.

以上要求由是根據「海員培訓、發證和當值標準國際公約」(STCW)的規定。

This requirement is made by the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW).

 

1.3 船上訓練

On-board Training

新進船員必須在上船後兩週內盡快接受船上救生設備(包括救生艇筏)和消防設備的操作訓練。

Training in the use of the ship's lifesaving appliances and equipment (including survival craft) and fire fighting equipment, must be provided to new joining crew as soon as is practicable but within 2 weeks of them joining the ship.

所有救生和滅火設備的個別指導必須在兩個月內完成。

Individual instruction on all lifesaving and fire extinguishing appliances must be completed within any 2 month period.

具體而言，每位船員應至少接受以下方面的指導：

Specifically, each crew member shall receive, as a minimum, instruction on:

1. 船上救生筏的操作和使用。

The operation and use of the ship's liferafts.

2. 失溫處理和其他適當的急救程序。

Hypothermia, its treatment and other appropriate first-aid procedures.

3. 在惡劣天氣條件下操作船上救生設備所需的特殊程序。

Special procedures necessary for operating the ship's lifesaving appliances in severe weather conditions.

4. 船上消防設備和系統的操作和使用。

The operation and use of the ship's fire fighting appliances and systems.

召集和操演的日期、棄船和消防操演的詳細資訊以及其他船上訓練，都必須記錄在航海日誌中。

The date when musters and drills are held together with details of abandon ship and fire drills and other on board training must be recorded in log book.

1.4 緊急信號和命令

Emergency Signals and Orders

本船採用的警報信號和口頭命令系統來執行緊急程序。作為船舶熟悉訓練的一部分，每位新上船的船員都應了解以下信號或命令：

This ship employs a system of alarm signals and verbal orders to enact emergency procedures. As part of the ship familiarisation training, each newly joined member of crew should know the signals or orders for:

1. 人員落水

Man Overboard

2. 火災

Fire

3. 緊急召集

Emergency Stations

4. 棄船

Abandon Ship

5. 機艙撤離

Abandon Engine Room

本船所提供的緊急警報信號和口頭命令的說明，供船員參考。

Descriptions of the emergency alarm signals and verbal orders are provided for crew reference.

人員落水

Man Overboard

任何船員發現有人落水，應立即朝其大致方向拋出救生圈，並發出警報，高喊「人員落水」。

Any crew member seeing a person in the water should immediately throw a lifebuoy in their general direction and raise the alarm, shouting "Man Overboard".

應盡快以最快的方式告知當值船副(OOW)，以便採取適當的行動和操作進行救援(請參閱圖 1.1「威廉森迴旋」)。應盡快從駕駛台側翼釋放「人員落水」救生圈，以便透過其上的燈光和煙霧標誌標示落水人員的位置。

The OOW should be told of the casualty by the fastest means available in order that the appropriate actions and manoeuvres can be taken for retrieval (please refer the figure 1.1 “Williamson turn”). The release of a "man overboard" lifebuoy from the bridge wing should be undertaken as soon as possible in order that the casualty's position is indicated by the attached light and smoke marker.

Figure 1.1 威廉森迴旋(Williamson turn)

火災

Fire

如果船上發現火災或煙霧，應啟動最近的火災警報按鈕。高喊「著火了、著火了、著火了」以提醒其他船員。

If fire or smoke is detected on board, the nearest fire alarm call point should be activated. Shouting "Fire, Fire, Fire" will alert other crew members.

以人身安全為首要考慮，嘗試控制火勢。關閉火災區域的門、舷窗和通風口。盡可能隔離火災區域設備的電源，除非該設備具有戰略用途。盡可能關閉並移除火災區域內及附近的所有易燃物資和儲存品。

With personal safety as a paramount concern, attempt to contain the fire. Close doors, scuttles and vents in the area of the fire. Where possible, isolate electrical supplies to equipment in the area of the fire unless the equipment has strategic value. Shut down and remove where possible, all supplies and stores of flammable material in and near the area of the fire.

僅在安全可行的情況下，嘗試使用合適的固定式或手提式滅火設備滅火，直到船上滅火隊接替。

Only where safely possible, attempt to extinguish the fire with appropriate fixed or portable fire extinguishing equipment until relieved by the vessel's fire fighting team.

 

緊急召集(通用警報)

Emergency Stations (General Alarm)

根據船舶應變組織的不同，緊急召集的警報可以是持續鳴響警鐘，也可以是鳴笛和警鈴同時鳴響七短一長。

Depending on the emergency organisation of the vessel, the alarm for Emergency Stations may be continuous ringing of the alarm bells or seven short blasts and one long blast on both the whistle and alarm bells.

無論何種警報信號，警鐘鳴響都表示有危險情況，一般稱為通用警報。警報信號通常由駕駛台當值船副或當值管輪發出。聽到警報信號後，所有船員應履行其職責。

Regardless of alarm signal, ringing of alarm bells indicates the existence of a hazardous situation and is often referred to as the General Alarm. The alarm signal is normally initiated by the OOW on the Bridge or by the duty Engineer Officer. On hearing the alarm signal, all crew members should comply with their allocated duties.

Figure 1.2 IMO通用警報安全標誌
IMO Safe Sign for General Alarm

棄船

Abandon Ship

棄船命令通常由船長(在船長無法履行職責的情況下，由其授權的大副)透過口頭或公共廣播器下達命令。

This order is normally given by the Master, or by an authorised deputy in the event of the Master's incapacity, by word-of-mouth or by public address.

接到棄船命令後，船員應前往召集集合地點或登船地點，執行其指定職責。

On receiving the order to abandon ship, crew members should proceed to their muster/assembly position or embarkation station and carry out their assigned duties.

Figure 1.3 IMO召集地點安全標誌
IMO Safe Sign for Muster/Assembly Position

機艙撤離

Abandon Engine Room

機艙撤離的命令可由輪機長或其授權大管下達，或透過在機艙內持續鳴響汽笛發出。

The order to abandon engine room may be given by the Chief Engineer or by an authorised deputy or by the continuous sounding of hooters within machinery spaces.

如果在任何固定式CO₂滅火系統運作之前，當警報響起時，應撤離機艙。

Machinery spaces shall be abandoned in the event of alarms sounding prior to the operation of any fixed CO₂ fire extinguishing system.

在撤離機艙之前，當值管輪應盡可能停止主機，關閉所有油艙閥門(如適用)，並停止所有非必要設備(發電機除外，發電機應保持運轉)。

Whenever possible and prior to abandoning the machinery spaces, the duty engineer shall stop the main engine, shut all tank valves where appropriate, stop all non-essential equipment with the exception of the generator(s) which are to be left to run down.

 

1.5 緊急訊息

Emergency Information

所有船員上船後，都應獲得緊急和安全資訊。每位船員都有責任閱讀並理解這些訊息，並熟悉緊急情況時的職責。

Upon joining the ship, all crew members are to be provided with emergency and safety information. Each crew member has a responsibility to read and understand this information and to familiarise themselves with the emergency duties described.

安全官應向新進船員簡要介紹他們的緊急情況職責，並確認這些船員了解他們在船舶應變編組中的角色。

The Safety Officer is required to brief joining crew on their emergency duties and to verify that those crew members understand their role in the ship's emergency organisation.

 

緊急逃生路線

Emergency Escape Routes

在船舶熟悉及後續的操演期間，所有船員都將被告知從住宿或正常工作地點到緊急集合地點或登船站的最佳路線。船員還應熟悉在主要逃生路線被堵塞的情況下，前往安全地點的替代路線。

During ship familiarisation and during subsequent drills, all crew are briefed on the best route from the accommodation or normal place of work to their emergency or muster/assembly station or embarkation station. Crew members should also make themselves familiar with alternative routes to places of safety in the event that main escape paths are blocked.

在火災和棄船操演期間，船員應練習使用樓梯間和其他避難區域等防火區內進行疏散。

During fire and abandon ship drills, crew members should practice evacuation using fire-protected areas such as stairwells and other areas of refuge.

Figure 1.4 IMO逃生路線安全標誌
IMO Safe Sign for Escape Routes

救生艇筏的準備和人員配備

Preparation and Manning of Survival Craft

船員被分配了專門的職責，負責救生艇和救生筏的準備和操作。

Crew members are allocated specific duties for the preparation and manning of lifeboats and liferafts.

如果時間允許，棄船時，應先收集安全官預先計畫的毯子、急救包、保溫用具、額外的食物和水，以及其他救生設備和器具並放置在救生艇筏上。

If time permits during ship abandonment, blankets, first aid kits, thermal protective aids, additional food and water and other lifesaving equipment and appliances pre-planned by the Safety Officer, should be collected and placed in the survival craft.

 

緊急編組

Emergency Organisation

除了日常職責外，船員通常還會被分配緊急任務編組，使他們成為緊急小組或小隊的成員。

In addition to their routine duties, crew members will normally be allocated emergency duties, which may place them as a member of an emergency team or squad.

通常，船舶緊急編組的架構如下：

Typically, the ship's emergency organisation is structured as follows:

指揮組 -

Command Team -

在駕駛台集合，負責全面控制和協調情況，並提供與外部救援機構和其他船舶的通訊資源。

Musters on the Bridge to provide overall control and co-ordination of the situation as well as providing communication resources to external rescue agencies and other vessels.

 

攻擊組 -

Attack Team -

通常在指定的緊急召集站集合，準備撲滅任何火災、進行損害控制、減輕油污和洩漏、開展救援行動，並全面控制緊急情況的直接後果。

Usually muster at the assigned emergency station and prepares to fight any fire, effect damage control, mitigate oil pollution and spillage, carry out rescue actions and generally control the immediate outcomes of the emergency.

 

掩護小組 -

Cover Team 

在指定緊急召集站集合，並根據需要協助攻擊小組，例如，在火災期間進行鄰接面降溫，在出現醫療傷亡時提供後勤補給等。

Muster at the assigned emergency station and assists the Attack Team as required, for example, boundary cooling during a fire, logistical supply during medical casualty, etc.

 

醫療小組 -

Medical Team -

在指定緊急召集站集合，準備接收傷亡人員，並協助完成救生艇的準備工作。

Musters at the assigned emergency station and prepares for the reception of casualties in addition to assisting with survival craft preparation duties.

確保所有船員充分了解其在船舶緊急編組中的個人職責，並在操演中練習這些職責。

Ensure all crew are fully aware of their individual duties within the ship's emergency organisation and that these duties are practised during drills.

 

消防部署表範本：

A Sample of Fire Fighting Muster List:

FIRE FIGHTING MUSTER LIST
TEAM	RANK	DESCRIPTION OF POSITION AND DUTY
BRIDGE COMMAND CENTER	MASTER	General commander of fire-fighting
	3/O	Assist Master in navigation, communication, broadcast and recording
	AB (1)	Look-out and manual steering
ENGINE ROOM	C/E	In charge for control all machinery including M/E, Aux. engines, pumps, ventilation, power supply
	3/E	Assisting C/E to control all machinery, start emergency fire pump up
DECK TEAM(A)	C/O	On scene commander for deck, cargo hold and cabin fire, carry walkie-talkie, torch
	BOSUN	In charge for connecting fire hoses and controlling fire hydrant, carry fire hose and nozzle
	AB (2)	Dress up fireman outfit (no matter in attack or cover duty), control fire nozzle, carry fireman outfit and breathing apparatus
	AB (3)	Dress up fireman outfit on attack duty(cover duty no necessary), assist handling fire hose, carry fire hose
ENGINE TEAM (B)	2/E	On scene commander for engine fire, carry walkie-talkie, torch
	4/E	In charge for connecting fire hoses and controlling fire hydrant, carry fire hose and nozzle
	FITTER	Dress up fireman outfit (no matter in attack or cover duty), control fire nozzle, carry fireman outfit and breathing apparatus
	M/M	Dress up fireman outfit on attack duty(cover duty no necessary), assist handling fire hose, carry fire hose
MEDICAL TEAM	2/O	Medical team commander, in charge for first aid and care of injured crew, carry walkie-talkie, first aid kit
	AB (4)	Assist checking fire scene six boundary, transfer injured crew, carry fireman outfit and breathing apparatus
	W/P	Assist attack team to dress up fireman outfit, transfer injured crew, carry stretcher
	C/COOK	Assist attack team to dress up fireman outfit, transfer injured crew

 

1.6 召集與操演

Practice Musters and Drills

每位船員每月必須至少參加一次棄船操演和一次消防操演。如果超過25%的船員在前一個月未參加過棄船和消防操演(例如，由於船員大規模更換)，則操演必須在離港後24小時內進行。

Each member of the crew must participate in at least one abandon ship drill and one fire drill per month. Where more than 25% of the crew have not participated in an abandon ship and fire in the preceding month (for example, due to a large crew change) then the drills must take place within 24 hours of leaving port.

每次棄船操演和消防操演的一個重要部分，是測試在實際發生緊急情況時所需的設備和器具。操演結束後，所有設備應恢復到立即可用的狀態，若發現任何故障或缺陷必須盡快修復。

A vital part of each abandon ship drill and fire drill is the testing of equipment and appliances that would be required in the event of an actual emergency occurring. All equipment shall be brought back to its state of operational readiness at the completion of the drill and any faults or defects discovered must be remedied as soon as possible.

 

1.7 船員責任

Crew Responsibility

總而言之，每位船員都有責任了解自己的職責以及在緊急情況下應採取的行動。

In summary, it is the responsibility of every member of the crew to know their duties and the actions required of them in the event of an emergency.

每位船員至少必須了解並展現本手冊第1.2章(熟悉訓練)所要求的基本熟悉項目。

As a minimum, each crew member must know and demonstrate an understanding of the basic familiarisation topics required in Chapter 1.2 (Familiarisation Training) of this Manual.

每位船員還必須熟悉可能需要使用的救生、消防和安全設備的位置和操作。

Every crew member must also be familiar with the location and operation of lifesaving, fire and safety equipment that they may be required to use.

 

1.8 附錄(本船應變部署表)

Appendix (Own ship’s muster lists)