船上消防訓練手冊 - 第八章 消防安全設備

船上消防訓練手冊
Shipboard Fire Training Manual 

尚作仁船長 編撰 Compiled by Captain David Shang

 

第八章 消防安全設備
Chapter 8 Fire Safety Equipment

8. 一般資訊

General Information

本章介紹船上配備的個人防護裝備及其操作方法。
This chapter describes the personal protective equipment to be found aboard ship and describes its operation.

8.1 簡介

Introduction 

當船上遇到中型或大型火災時，消防隊的每位成員都需要穿戴個人防護裝備。

When faced with a medium or large shipboard fire, every member of the fire team(s) will need to don personal protection.

缺乏個人防護裝備可能會導致消防隊員在需要緊急應變時無法有效應對，因此定期進行個人防護裝備的穿戴和和應用訓練至關重要。

Lack of personal protection may render the fire team member ineffective at a time when vigorous response is required and therefore it is vital that training in its use and application is regularly provided.

 

8.2 消防隊員裝備

Fire-man's outfit

「消防員裝備」是指一套個人防護裝備和一套呼吸器。

The phrase fireman's outfit refers to a single set of personal protective equipment and a breathing apparatus.

所有船舶必須至少配備兩套完整的消防員裝備，並且根據船舶類型和大小，船舶管理部門可能會要求配備額外的個人裝備和呼吸空氣裝置。

All ships must carry a minimum of two complete fireman’s outfits and depending on the type and size of ship, the vessel's administration may require additional sets of personal equipment and breathing air sets.

消防員裝備或個人防護裝備應存放在易於取用且標示清晰的位置。如果配備多套裝備，則應分別存放在不同的位置。

The fire-man's outfits or sets of personal protection equipment are to be stowed in easily accessible locations that are clearly marked. Where more than one outfit is carried, they should be stowed in well-separated positions.

防護服

Protective clothing

消防員裝備的主要部分是隔熱防火衣。這種特殊的服裝採用鍍鋁或同等防火材料製成，並應具有防水外層，以保護皮膚免受燙傷。

The main part of the fire-man's outfit is the provision of heat and fire resistant clothing. This specially made clothing employs aluminized or equivalent fire resisting material and should have a water resistant outer surface to protect the skin from scalds.

手套

Gloves

應配備具有良好防水性能的隔熱防火手套。

Heat and fire-resistant gloves with good water resisting properties should be provided.

靴子

Footwear

消防員專用靴應由橡膠或其他不導電材料製成，並作為消防員裝備的一部分。

Purpose-designed fireman's boots of rubber or other electrically non- conducting material should form part of the fire-man's outfit.

 

頭盔與護目鏡

Helmet & goggles

消防員頭盔是消防員裝備的重要組成部分，可以防止頭部受傷，並保護臉部和頭部免受高溫和燃燒殘骸的傷害。

A fireman's helmet is an essential part of the fire-man’s outfit to protect against head injury as well as shielding the face and head from heat and burning debris.

如果沒有面罩，消防員護目鏡也將大有裨益。

Fireman's goggles will prove an advantage in the absence of a helmet visor.

 

電力安全燈(手提燈)

Electric safety lamp (hand lantern)

電力安全燈或手提燈是消防員裝備的重要組成部分，必須能夠有效工作至少3小時。

An essential part of the fire-man's outfit, the electric safety lamp or hand lantern must be capable of working effectively for at least 3 hours.

 

消防斧

Fire axes

法規要求每位消防員的裝備都應配備一把帶有絕緣手柄的消防斧。

Regulations demand that each fire-fighter's outfit contains a fire axe provided with an insulated handle.

典型的消防斧採用落錘鍛造高碳鋼斧頭，適用於鑿、穿、刨，並可作為翹把使用。

The typical fire axe has a drop - forged, high carbon steel head suitable for chipping, piercing and gouging and can act as a lever.

救生索

Lifelines

每套呼吸器均應配備至少30公尺長的防火救生索。

Each breathing apparatus is to be provided with a fireproof lifeline of at least 30 metres in length.

救生索應能夠透過彈簧鉤連接到呼吸器的背帶或腰帶上，以防止操作救生索時呼吸器脫落。

The lifeline is to be capable of being attached to the harness of the breathing apparatus or to a belt by a snap-hook in order to prevent the breathing apparatus becoming detached when the lifeline is operated.

 

8.3 呼吸器

Breathing apparatus

如果沒有呼吸器，船上消防隊和搜救隊的成員將無法在中型或大型火災及其他危及生命的事故中履行職責。

Without breathing apparatus, members of the shipboard fire teams and search & rescue squads would be unable to undertake their duties during a medium or large shipboard fire and other life-endangering incidents.

根據規定，每位消防員的裝備應配備一個自給式壓縮空氣呼吸器(SCBA)，其容量至少為1200公升。

By regulation, each fire-man's outfit is to contain one self-contained compressed-air breathing apparatus (SCBA) containing at least 1200 litres of air.

其他類型的自給式呼吸器也可供使用，但前提是其容量要足夠。船上所有SCBA使用的氣瓶應可互換，且每個SCBA應至少配備兩個備用充氣瓶，或船旗國規定數量的氣瓶，以便隨時使用。

Other types of self-contained apparatus may be made available providing it is capable It is a requirement that all cylinders used for the SCBA's on board are interchangeable and that at least two spare charged cylinders per SCBA, or a quantity prescribed by the flag State, are readily available.

自給式呼吸器(SCBA)

Serf-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

經核准可在船上使用的SCBA品牌有很多，儘管設計上略有差異，但所有設計都遵循類似的模式，並包含類似的元件。
There are many makes of SCBA approved for use aboard ship and although minor differences in design occur, all designs follow a similar pattern and consist of similar elements.

這些元件包括：

These are:

面罩

Facemask

(圖示為瑞典廠牌(Interspiro AB)的“Spiromatic S”系列)

Spiromatic S系列面罩是備受讚譽的Spiromatic面罩的升級版。此面罩配備獨特的平衡呼吸閥(稱為正壓閥)，可確保呼吸順暢。

The Spiromatic S-mask is an enhancement of the well-known Spiromatic mask. The mask facilitates easy breathing at all times due to a unique balanced breathing valve called the demand valve.

此面罩內建安全閥，可自動產生正壓，並採用雙通道系統，可即時回應空氣需求，氣流量超過每分鐘500公升。

Fitted with a built-in safety valve, the mask permits automatic positive pressure with high air flow, exceeding 500 litres per minute using a two channel system that triggers instant response to air demand.

與其他製造商的產品一樣，此面罩擁有廣角視野，經久耐用，維護保養簡單。

In common with other manufacturers, the mask affords wide-angle vision and is proven, robust and simple to service and maintain.

 

背帶

Harness

(圖示為瑞典廠牌(Interspiro AB)的“Spiromatic S”系列)

所有現代SCBA氣瓶背帶的設計均符合不同工作環境的人體工學，尤其是在需要進入狹窄空間的海上作業。一款優質的背帶尤其應具備以下特質：

All modern SCBA cylinder harnesses are designed to meet the ergonomics of different work situations, especially those at sea where access to confined spaces is a pre-requisite. In particular a good harness should have:

1. 易於調整、加寬且有襯墊的肩帶和腰帶。

Easily adjustable, wide, padded shoulder straps and waist belt.

2. 可獨立旋轉的肩帶和腰帶，最大程度地提升活動靈活性，並將重量集中在臀部。

Individually pivoting shoulder and waist straps that give maximum ease of movement and keep the weight on the hips.

3. 符合人體工學設計的「開放式」背帶框架，提升舒適度與透氣性。

Anatomically shaped "open type" carrying frame for added comfort and increased ventilation.

 

氣瓶

Cylinders

(圖示為瑞典廠牌(Interspiro AB)的“Spiromatic S”系列)

每個氣瓶至少應容納1200公升呼吸空氣。現代氣瓶採用最新的複合材料設計，以減輕重量。

Each cylinder is to contain at least 1200 litres of breathing air. Modern cylinders offer the latest in composite design to reduce weight.

大多數氣瓶閥門採用棘輪式，以最大程度地降低意外關閉的風險，並可配備直讀式壓力表，以便在佩戴前進行補充和檢查。
Most cylinder valves are of the ratchet type to minimise risk of accidental closure and can be supplied with direct reading pressure gauges to aid recharge and checks before donning. 

調節器組件

Regulator unit

(圖示為瑞典廠牌(Interspiro AB)的“Spiromatic S”系列)

此調節器控制從氣瓶到面罩的空氣供應，即使在氣瓶壓力極低的情況下也能提供充足供氣。大多數調節器的特點是堅固耐用，機械部件少，因此磨損極小。

The regulator governs the supply of air from the cylinder to the facemask and is designed to give full capacity down to very low cylinder pressures. A feature of most regulators is the rugged design with few mechanical parts and thus minimal wear.

許多現代調節器都內建救援軟管或提供連接復甦裝置的功能，用於密閉空間救援和火災傷員救援。

Many modern regulators have a built-in rescue hose or offer the facility of attaching a resuscitation unit for confined space rescue and fire casualty retrieval.

大多數調節器易於維護，只需少量工具即可進行維護，並配備壓力表、低耗氣量警告哨音、警鈴或電子警報器，有時還配備備用氣閥作為備用警告系統。

Most regulators are easy to maintain, needing few tools to service and are equipped with a pressure gauge, a low air consumption warning whistle or bell or electronic sounder and sometimes a reserve air valve as alternative warning system.

以下說明是有關無需協助即可佩戴SCBA的基本原則與一般指南。定期練習使用船上提供的特定裝備，將確保每位船員都能快速安全地使用。

The following instructions are provided as a general guide to the basic principles involved in donning a SCBA without assistance. Regular practice with the specific units provided onboard will ensure speedy and safe use for every member of crew.

SCBA的例行檢查與檢驗

Routine checks & inspections for SCBA

一般而言，對於不定期使用(例如在消防演習和其他相關訓練期間)，但作為消防員裝備的一部分，用於緊急情況的SCBA，必須至少每月進行一次檢查和檢驗。

In general, a SCBA not routinely used (for example during fire drills and other related training) but retained for emergency use as part of the fire-fighter's outfit must be checked and inspected at least monthly.

所有SCBA裝備必須在每次使用後進行檢查和檢驗。

All SCBA sets must be checked and inspected after each use.

除非SCBA已通過授權負責人員的使用前檢查和檢驗，否則切勿使用。
Never use a SCBA unless it has passed a pre-use check and inspection authorised by a responsible person.

1. 目視檢查整個 SCBA，找出磨損、老化的零件和損壞的組件。

Visually inspect the complete SCBA and look for worn or aged parts and damaged components.

2. 檢查氣瓶。

Inspect the cylinder.

(1) 檢查壓力表是否損壞。

Inspect gauge for damage.

(2) 檢查氣瓶是否有機械損壞、熱損壞或化學損壞的跡象。

Inspect cylinder for mechanical damage or signs of heat or chemical damage.

(3) 檢查液壓試驗日期是否過期。

Check hydraulic test date is valid.

(4) 檢查氣瓶閥門螺紋是否清潔且無損壞。

Check cylinder valve threads are clean and not damaged.

(5) 檢查氣瓶閥體是否完好。

Check that the cylinder valve body is intact.

(6) n檢查爆破片開口是否清潔且無碎屑。

Check that the bursting disc opening is clean and free of debris.

如果發現有任何缺陷，請將氣瓶壓力降至略微正壓，並標記為「故障 - 請勿使用」並禁止使用。

If any defect is noted, depressurise the cylinder to a slight positive pressure, tag as "FAULTY - DO NOT USE" and remove from service.

3. 將面罩連接到調節器，確保旁通閥處於關閉位置。

Connect facemask to the regulator, ensuring that the bypass is in the closed position.

4. 逆時針旋轉閥門控制器至完全打開位置，並緩慢打開氣瓶閥門。

Open the cylinder valve slowly by turning the valve control anti-clockwise to the full open position.

5. 將面罩貼近臉部。鈴聲或哨聲警報應先響起，然後停止。注意：如果設備沒有低壓警報自動測試功能，請進行呼吸測試：打開氣瓶閥門，直到壓力表顯示滿或正常，然後關閉閥門，將面罩戴在臉上，緩慢呼吸以降低壓力，直到警報響起。

Hold facemask to the face. The bell or whistle alarm should activate and then stop. NOTE: If the set does not have an automatic test of the low pressure alarm, then   perform a breathe-down test by opening the cylinder valve until the gauge registers full or normal, then close the valve, place the mask over the face and slowly breathe to reduce the pressure until the alarm sounds.

6. 檢查氣瓶壓力。壓力表指示的壓力應超過最大壓力的七分之一(90%)。如果壓力表指示的壓力低於最大壓力，請重新充氣或更換充滿氣的氣瓶。

Check cylinder pressure. The gauge should indicate more than 7/8 (90%) of maximum pressure. If less refill or replace with a fully charged cylinder.

7. 將面罩緊緊貼近臉部，並在面罩和臉頰之間插入兩根手指。輕輕地將面罩從臉部提起，確保空氣順暢流通。重新密封面罩，停止呼吸3 - 4秒。檢查是否有氣流聲。打開旁通閥，檢查是否有持續氣流。

While holding the facemask tight to the face, insert two fingers between mask and the cheek. Gently lift the mask away from the face to ensure a good outward flow of air. Reseal the mask and stop breathing for 3 - 4 seconds. Check for no sound of air flowing. Open bypass valve and check for constant airflow.

8. 關閉氣瓶閥門測試低壓警報，並打開旁通閥逐漸降低調節器管路中的壓力。當壓力表指針移至「紅色」區域或指示1/4滿時，聆聽警報哨聲或鈴聲。

Test the low-pressure alarm by closing the cylinder valve and gradually reduce the pressure in the regulator tubing by opening the bypass valve. Listen for the alarm whistle or bell as the gauge needle moves into the "red" zone or indicates 1/4 full.

9. 從SCBA拔下面罩軟管。

Unplug the facemask hose from the SCBA.

10. 斷開面罩連接，打開氣瓶閥門。讓調節器管路加壓，然後關閉氣瓶閥門。壓力表指針每分鐘下降幅度不應超過1/8英吋。重新佩戴面罩。

With the facemask disconnected, open the cylinder valve. Allow the regulator tubing to pressurise and then close the cylinder valve. The needle on the pressure gauge should not fall more than ¹/₈ inch per minute. Re-attach facemask.

11. 將SCBA放回儲存處或視需要使用。

Return SCBA to storage or use as appropriate.

 

穿戴正壓式SCBA

Donning a demand-type SCBA

繫好背帶

Slinging the harness

1. 將氣瓶和調節器放入背帶中，並將組件平放在甲板上，氣瓶閥門遠離佩戴者。

Locate the cylinder and regulator in the harness and lay the assembly on the deck with the cylinder valve away from the wearer.

2. 展開肩帶，並打開側臂(腰部)。確保所有肩帶完全展開，且腰帶扣環未扣合。

Spread the shoulder straps and fold open the side (waist) arms. Ensure ail straps are fully extended and that the waist buckle is not coupled.

2. 用左手抓住左肩帶。將SCBA舉到左肩上。將右臂穿過右肩帶。

Grasp the left shoulder strap with the left hand. Lift the SCBA onto the left shoulder. Place the right arm through the right shoulder strap.

3. 向下拉肩帶，調整背板在背部的位置。

Pull down on the shoulder straps to adjust the position of the backplate on the back.

4. 連接腰帶並調整至舒適貼合。將多餘的肩帶塞入背帶中。

Connect waist belt and adjust to comfortable fit. Tuck in excess straps.

 

配戴面罩

Donning the facemask

1. 將面罩軟管插入調節器管路，逆時針旋轉至完全打開位置，打開氣瓶閥門。在打開氣瓶閥門時，應有短暫的鈴聲或哨聲響起。

Plug facemask hose into regulator tubing and open cylinder valve by turning anti-clockwise to the full open position. The bell or whistle should briefly sound when opening the cylinder valve.

2. 一手握住頭帶，將下巴置於面罩內，並將頭帶拉過頭頂。調整面罩位置和頭帶鬆緊度。先調整底部帶子，然後向上調整接下來的兩條帶子，最後調整至頭頂上方。

With one hand on the head harness straps, place chin in the facemask and pull harness straps over the head. Adjust facemask position and head harness tension. Start by adjusting the bottom straps first, then the next two up and finally the strap over the crown of the head.

切勿將面罩過度拉緊。這會導致不適，並可能導致面罩變形和漏氣。

Do NOT over-tighten the facemask. This will cause discomfort and may result in deformation and leakage.

進入船上危險區域或空間前，若未對SCBA面罩進行安全檢查，可能導致呼吸損傷甚至死亡。

Failure to perform SCBA safety cheeks prior to entering a hazardous area or space aboard ship may result in respiratory injury or death.

3. 面罩內正壓 - 打開氣瓶閥門，正常呼吸。將兩根手指插入面罩和面頰之間。輕輕將面罩密封邊緣從臉部提起，獲得良好的氣流，表示面罩內壓力為正。重新密封面罩，停止呼吸3 - 4秒。調節器應無漏氣聲，面罩眼部區域也應無冷氣流。

Positive pressure in facemask - With the cylinder valve open, breathe normally. Insert two fingers between the facemask and cheek. Gently lift the facemask seal away from the face and obtain a good flow of air showing that the facemask pressure is positive. Reseal facemask and stop breathing for 3-4 seconds. There should be no sound of air leakage from the regulator and no cold airflow sensed in the eye region of the mask.

4. 警報檢查 - 順時針旋轉關閉氣瓶閥門，並繼續正常呼吸。監控壓力表，並留意遠端壓力表進入「紅色」區域時是否發出鈴聲或哨聲。完全打開氣瓶閥門。進行2到3次呼吸，確保面罩內有足夠的空氣。在正壓狀態下，面罩不應被吸到臉上。

Alarm check - Close the cylinder valve by turning clockwise and continue to breathe normally. Monitor pressure gauge and listen for bell or whistle to activate as the remote gauge enters the "red" zone. Open cylinder valve fully. Take 2 or 3 breaths to ensure you are getting adequate air into the facemask. With positive pressure, the facemask should not be pulled to the face.

5. 旁通閥檢查 - 打開旁通閥，檢查面罩內是否有持續供氣。再關閉旁通閥。

Bypass check - Open the bypass valve and check for a constant supply of air to the facemask. Close the bypass valve.

在非緊急情況下使用旁通閥會大幅縮短供氣時間。雖然旁通閥有助於去除面罩護目鏡上的霧氣，但請記住，如果氣瓶內空氣耗盡，旁通閥將無法正常工作。

Use of the bypass in non-emergency situations will greatly reduce the duration of air supply. Although good for demisting the facemask visor, remember the bypass will not function ff the cylinder is out of air.

6. 重新檢查氣瓶壓力 - 檢查背帶上的壓力表。壓力表讀數應高於7/8滿(超過3/4和全滿之間的一半)。正常呼吸並繼續執行緊急任務。

Re-check cylinder pressure - Check the pressure gauge on the shoulder harness. The gauge should read above 7/8 full (more than halfway between 3/4 and full). Breathe normally and proceed with emergency duties.

 

8.4 緊急逃生呼吸裝置(EEBD) (SOLAS II-2 Reg. 13-3.4.2)

Emergency escape breathing device (EEBD)

國際法規要求每艘船舶的住艙區至少需配備兩套緊急逃生呼吸裝置(也稱為EEBD)。

The international regulations require each vessel to be provided with a minimum of two emergency escape breathing devices (otherwise known as EEBDs) within the accommodation spaces.

這些裝置必須經核准可在相關船舶上使用，並配備至少持續10分鐘的壓縮空氣或氧氣供應，且須提供簡要的佩戴說明。

These appliances must be approved for use aboard the ship concerned, will have an compressed air or oxygen supply of at least 10 minutes duration and will be provided brief donning instructions.

EEBD不適用於滅火或進入密閉空間。僅可做為從危險環境的艙室中逃生用。

EEBDs are not designed to be used for fire fighting or for enclosed space entry. They are solely intended for escape purposes from a space that has a hazardous atmosphere.

圖中所示的EEBD逃生套裝Elsa 15B只需拉開翻蓋，拔出氣瓶安全插銷。從包包中取出頭罩並將頭罩蓋在頭上，即可在幾秒鐘內穿戴完成。
The EEBD Escape set Elsa 15B unit illustrated here can be donned in seconds by simply pull the flap to withdraw the firing pin. Pull the hood from bag and cover the hood on head.

訓練用的EEBD需有適當標示，可協助訓練每位船員掌握適當的穿戴技巧。

Training EEBDs, suitably marked for such purpose, will allow each crew member to gain appropriate donning skills.

8.5 附錄(本船設備詳情及操作程序)

Appendix (Own ship’s equipment detail and operation procedures)

(檢附本船的「消防員裝備」和「消防員裝備穿戴方法」設備詳情及操作程序)

(Attached are the equipment details and operating procedures of the own ship's "Fireman’s outfit" and "Donning method for fireman’s outfit")