船上消防訓練手冊 - 第一章 火災成因與預防

船上消防訓練手冊
Shipboard Fire Training Manual 

尚作仁船長 編撰 Compiled by Captain David Shang 

第一章 火災成因與預防
Chapter 1 Causes & Prevention of Fire

1. 一般資訊
General Information 

本章概述船上火災的常見原因，並闡述每位應海員如何為自身和他人的安全做出貢獻。

This chapter provides an overview of the common causes of shipboard fire and illustrates how each seafarer can contribute to their own safety and the safety of others.

本章為負責指導他人的人員提供了足夠的細節，以強調防火的重要性。

It contains sufficient detail for those persons, whose responsibility it is to instruct others, to emphasise the value of fire prevention.

1.1 引言
Introduction

在適法性及適用性上，本手冊內容可達到或超越1974年《國際海上人命安全公約》及1978年和1988年議定書及後續修訂決議的要求。這個重要公約(統稱為SOLAS74/78)旨在廣泛的涵蓋並提高航運安全性標準。

Where appropriate, the contents of this manual meets or exceeds the requirements of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 1974, its Protocols of 1978 and 1988 and subsequent amending resolutions. This important Convention (collectively known as SOLAS 74/78) covers a wide range of standards to be employed to improve the safety of shipping.

SOLAS74/78公約的規定有助於確保在海上滅火時能獲得最佳效果，其前提是：

The regulations in SOLAS 74/78 help to ensure the best possible chance of combating a fire at sea, provided that:

1. 所有消防和緊急設備均保持正確維護並定期測試。
All fire fighting and emergency equipment is correctly maintained and regularly tested.

2. 所有船員均接受過消防和緊急設備使用的適當訓練，並熟悉其位置。
All members of the crew are properly trained in the use of the fire fighting and emergency equipment and are familiar with its locations.

3. 所有船員均已熟悉其緊急職責，並接受過正確的緊急應變程序訓練。
All crew members are familiarised with their emergency duties and trained to follow the correct emergency procedure.

4. 每位船員都有責任向負責的船副報告任何消防或安全設備缺陷或缺失的情況。
Every member of the crew has a responsibility to report any defective or missing item of fire fighting or safety equipment to a responsible Officer.

5. 本手冊將協助所有船員了解其緊急職責。並提供識別所有主要消防和安全設備的方法，且為負責執行緊急訓練和演習的人員，提供支援訓練教材的資訊。
This Manual will assist all members of the crew in understanding their emergency duties. It will provide a means of identifying all major items of fire-fighting and safety equipment and give supporting information to those persons charged with the responsibility of carrying out emergency training and drills.

1.2 熟悉事項
Familiarisation

當擬定作為SOLAS公約所要求的緊急應變訓練和演習計劃，應使所有新上船的船員均能獲得足夠的資訊和指導，以便能夠：

As a precursor to planned emergency training and drills required by SOLAS, all new-joined members of crew shall receive sufficient information and instruction to be able to:

1. 使他們理解基本的安全事項。
Make themselves understood on basic safety matters.

2. 了解船上安全標誌、符號和警報訊號的意思。
Know the meaning of safety signs, symbols and alarm signals on board ships.

3. 了解在有人落水、發現火災或煙霧以及滅火或棄船警報響起時應採取的措施。
Understand what to do in the event of a person falling overboard, if fire or smoke is discovered and when the fire or abandon ship alarm is sounded.

4. 了解各人的召集/集合點和登艇站以及緊急逃生路線。
Know their muster/assembly and embarkation station(s) and emergency escape routes.

5. 根據需要，能找到並正確配戴緊急逃生呼吸裝置(EEBD)。
As appropriate, find and correctly don an emergency escape breathing device (EEBD).

6. 能找到並正確穿戴救生衣。
Locate and be able to correctly don their lifejacket.

7. 能發出緊急警報並掌握攜帶式滅火器的正確操作方法。
Raise the emergency alarm and know how to operate a portable fire extinguisher correctly.

8. 了解發生意外事故時的應變措施，並在尋求進一步醫療救助之前能進行急救。
Know what to do on encountering an accident and render first aid before seeking further medical assistance.

9. 能關閉並開啟除船體開口外的防火檔板、風雨密門和水密門。
Close and open the fire screen, weathertight and watertight doors other than hull openings.

This requirement is made by the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW 95) and the Seafarer's Training, Certification and Watchkeeping Code (STCW Code).

上述要求係根據STCW95公約和STCW Code之規定。

1.3 船上訓練

On-board training

新任船員必須在上船後兩週內，盡快接受船上救生設備(包括救生艇筏)和消防設備的操作訓練。

Training in the use of the ship's lifesaving appliances and equipment (including survival craft) and fire fighting equipment, must be provided to new-joining crew as soon as is practicable but within 2 weeks of them joining the ship.

所有救生和滅火設備的個人訓練必須在每2個月內完成。

Individual instruction on all lifesaving and fire extinguishing appliances must be completed within any 2 month period.

具體而言，每位船員應至少接受以下的訓練：

Specifically, each crew member shall receive, as a minimum, instruction on:

1. 船舶救生筏的操作和使用。
The operation and use of the ship's liferafts.

2. 失溫症處理及其他適當的急救程序。
Hypothermia, its treatment and other appropriate first-aid procedures.

3. 在惡劣天候條件下操作船舶救生設備所需的特殊程序。
Special procedures necessary for operating the ship's lifesaving appliances in severe weather conditions.

4. 船舶消防設備和系統的操作與使用。
The operation and use of the ship's fire fighting appliances and systems.

召集和演習的日期、棄船和消防演習的細節以及其他船上訓練都必須記錄在航海日誌中。

The date when musters and drills are held together with details of abandon ship and fire drills and other on board training must be recorded in log book.

1.4 召集與演習練習

Practice musters and drills

每位船員每月必須至少參加一次棄船演習和一次消防演習。如果超過25%的船員在上個月沒有參加過棄船和消防演習(例如，由於船員大規模更換)，則演習必須在離港後24小時內進行。

Each member of the crew must participate in at least one abandon ship drill and one fire drill per month. Where more than 25% of the crew have not participated in an abandon ship and fire in the preceding month (for example, due to a large crew change) then the drills must take place within 24 hours of leaving port.

每次棄船演習和消防演習的一個重要部分，是測試在實際發生緊急情況時所需的設備和器材。當演習結束後，所有設備應恢復到立即可用的狀態，並應盡快修復所發現的任何故障或缺陷。

A vital part of each abandon ship drill and fire drill is the testing of equipment and appliances that would be required in the event of an actual emergency occurring. All equipment shall be brought back to its state of operational readiness at the completion of the drill and any faults or defects discovered must be remedied as soon as possible.

船上指定負責安全或防污染工作的海員應事先接受適當的訓練。

Those seafarers with designated safety or pollution prevention duties on board ship shall have previously received appropriate training.

1.5 緊急信號和命令

Emergency signals and orders

本手冊採用警報信號和口頭命令系統來執行緊急程序。作為船舶熟悉程序的一部分，每位新上船的船員都應了解以下信號和命令：

This manual employs a system of alarm signals and verbal orders to enact emergency procedures. As part of the ship familiarisation process each newly joined member of crew should know the signals and orders for:

1. 火災
Fire

2. 應急站
Emergency Stations

3. 棄船
Abandon Ship

緊急警報信號和口頭命令(如適用)的說明供船員參考。

Descriptions of the emergency alarm signals and verbal orders (where appropriate) are provided for crew reference.

1.6 緊急情況訊息

Emergency information

所有船員在上船後，應獲得有關緊急情況和安全的資訊。每位船員都有責任閱讀並理解這些訊息，並熟悉其中所述的緊急職責。

Upon joining the ship, all crew members are to be provided with emergency and safety information. Each crew member has a responsibility to read and understand this information and to familiarise themselves with the emergency duties described.

船上安全官或負責船員熟悉訓練的人員，應向新任船員簡要介紹他們的緊急職責，並確認這些船員已了解其在船舶緊急應變編組中的職責。

The Safety Officer or persons charged with a responsibility for crew familiarisation are required to brief joining crew on their emergency duties and to verify that those crew members understand their role in the ship's emergency organisation.

緊急逃生路線

Emergency Escape Routes

在船舶熟悉訓練及後續演習期間，所有船員都將被告知從住宿地點或正常工作地點前往緊急召集/集合點或登艇站的最佳路線。

During ship familiarisation and during subsequent drills, all crew are briefed on the best route from the accommodation or normal place of work to their emergency or muster/assembly station or embarkation station.

船員還應熟悉在主要逃生路線被堵塞的情況下前往安全地點的替代路線。

Crew members should also make themselves familiar with alternative routes to places of safety in the event that main escape paths are blocked.

在滅火和棄船演習期間，船員應練習利用樓梯間和其他避難區域等防火隔艙區進行疏散。

During fire and abandon ship drills, crew members should practice evacuation using fire-protected areas such as stairwells and other areas of refuge.

1.7 火災發生原因

Causes of fire

所有船舶的火災原因通常都相同。雖然有些火災可能是意外事故或船員無法控制的情況發生的，但大多數火災都是由於人為疏忽或不負責任的行為，或者至少是由於未遵守那些久經驗證的作業程序所造成的。

The causes of fire are often common to all vessels and whilst some fires can be accidental or caused by circumstances outside the crew's control, most are caused by human carelessness or irresponsible actions or at the least, non-compliance with time proven procedures.

無論原因如何，火災都可能造成災難性的後果，並可能導致船舶損毀和重大傷亡。

Regardless of the cause, a fire is potentially disastrous and can lead to the loss of the ship and to great loss of life.

因此，所有船員都必須保持警惕，並了解可能導致火災的各種情況。

Therefore, it is vitally important for all crew members to be vigilant and to be aware of the conditions that can lead to fire.

吸煙 - 一般規定

Smoking- General

隨意的吸煙以及不小心處理點燃的香煙、雪茄、煙斗煙草和火柴，都可能是導致海上和陸上火災的主要原因。

Careless smoking and the careless disposal of lit cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco and matches is perhaps at the top of the causes of fire, both at sea and ashore.

由於吸煙是一種習慣，點燃香煙的衝動可能會超越對安全的考量。

Because smoking is a habit, the urge to light a cigarette can become a higher priority than consideration for safety.

事實上，有些人並沒有意識到「點燃」香菸的危險，或者根本不在乎。

Indeed some people don't realise that to "light up" is dangerous or simply don't care.

對這些人而言，規則很簡單：

For these people the message is simple:

“嚴格遵守禁止吸煙標誌和禁煙令”

“Obey NO SMOKING signs and smoking prohibition orders at all times.”

在床上吸煙

Smoking in Bed

在緊張的工作或值班之後，「把腳抬起來」放鬆一下，抽根煙似乎很有吸引力。

After a strenuous workday or watchkeeping period, to "put your feet up" and relax with a smoke can seem attractive.

遺憾的是，僅僅這個原因就奪走了許多海員的生命，並導致了嚴重的船舶火災。悶燒的床單被褥很容易引發火災，產生的煙霧會導致吸煙者在發現火災前昏倒甚至窒息死亡。

Regrettably, this single cause has cost many seamen their lives and has led to serious ship fire. A fire can be easily started from smouldering bedding, the resulting smoke causing drowsiness and asphyxiation of the smoker before the fire is discovered.

Following a simple rule can prevent these fires.

遵循一個簡單的規定就可以預防這些火災。

“任何情況下都不准躺在床上吸煙。”

“NEVER smoke in bed, under any circumstances.”

吸煙與飲酒

Smoking and Alcohol

飲酒與吸煙有混合性的潛在危險。飲酒量越大，吸菸者就越不在乎菸蒂的安全處置。

The mixture of alcohol consumption and smoking is potentially dangerous. The more alcohol consumed, the less the smoker cares about safe disposal of the smoking material.

喝一兩杯酒後，煙斗裡燃燒的餘燼、悶燒的雪茄蒂或煙灰缸上點燃的香菸似乎都無傷大雅。雖然這些只是船上的小火星，但這些小火星如果接觸到任何易燃物，將立即引發大型火災。

After one or two drinks, the glowing embers from a pipe, or a smouldering cigar butt or a lit cigarette ledged on an ashtray will not seem too important. But these are actually small shipboard fires and if they come into contact with flammable material, the fire will not stay small for very long.

因此，應密切注意酒後吸煙者，確保其行為不會危及船舶及其他船員的安全。

Accordingly, a smoker under the influence of drink should be watched closely to ensure their actions do not put the vessel and its crew at risk.

“飲酒與吸煙是危險的組合。”

“Drinking and smoking is a dangerous combination.”

禁煙區

No Smoking Areas

船舶的部分區域以及港口和碼頭區域可能被指定為禁煙區。這些區域通常是法律規定的，違反禁煙規定可能會導致被起訴。

Parts of the ship, and areas of the port and terminal may be designated as No Smoking Areas. These areas are often legally mandated and a violation of no smoking regulations may lead to prosecution.

每位船員都必須知道哪些區域禁止吸煙，並理解此類區域禁煙的原因。

Every member of the crew MUST know where smoking is prohibited and understand why such restrictions exist.

船上訪客、碼頭工人以及其他港口或碼頭工作人員登船時，必須被提醒遵守吸煙規定。

Visitors to the ship, stevedores and other port or terminal workers MUST be reminded of the smoking regulations being enforced when they come aboard.

大多數人都會遵守這些規定，並且不會在禁煙區吸煙。對於那些無視規定的人，都應向船長、高級船員或港口所在地的地方當局舉報。

Most people comply with these regulations and do not smoke in restricted areas. Those that choose to ignore the regulations should be reported to the Master or a senior officer or to the local authorities in the port area.

上層甲板和貨艙吸煙

Smoking on the Upper Deck & Cargo Holds

如果在上層甲板載運易燃或危險貨物，則禁止吸煙和使用明火。貨艙和地下通道內也禁止吸煙。如果需要使用明火，必須獲得船長或輪機長簽發的工作許可證。

Whilst smoking and the use of naked lights is prohibited if carried flammable or dangerous cargoes on upper deck. The cargo holds and sub-passageways are not allowed smoking all the time. If naked lights needed to be used, the working permit must be granted by Master or Chief Engineer.

貨艙容易著火，尤其是在貨物裝卸期間。小火星可能要等到船舶遠航後才會發現，而此時大部分貨物都已經著火，滅火將非常困難。處理貨艙火災的最佳方法就是從一開始就預防火災發生。

The cargo holds are vulnerable to catch fire especially during cargo operation. A small fire may not be discovered until the vessel is well out at sea and by that time much of the cargo is involved and extinguishing will be very difficult. The best way to deal with a cargo hold fire is to prevent it starting in the first place.

1. 貨艙內始終禁止吸煙。
Prohibit smoking in cargo holds at ALL times.

2. 在適當位置懸掛「禁止吸煙」標誌。
Display NO SMOKING signs where appropriate.

3. 在裝卸作業期間安排消防值班。
Provide a fire watch during loading and unloading operations.

機艙場所吸煙

Smoking in Machinery Spaces

船舶機艙場所內含有大量易燃物質，這些物質在高溫的環境中容易蒸發。點燃的火柴或燃燒的煙草很容易點燃易燃氣體或氣體混合物，並迅速蔓延至油性抹布和其他易燃材料。

Machinery spaces in ships contain large amounts of flammable substances that readily vaporise in the warm ambient conditions. A lighted match or glowing tobacco can easily ignite a flammable gas-air mixture and quickly spread to oily rags and other flammable materials.

機艙場所的火災一旦燃燒，很難撲滅，而且往往蔓延至深層，對船員造成嚴重危險。

Once ignited, a machinery space fire is difficult to overcome and can often be deep-seated presenting hazardous conditions for the crew.

機艙燃油系統

Machinery Room Oil Fuel Systems

燃油系統洩漏是機艙和其他機器場所發生火災的主要原因。燃油系統洩漏是由於使用了不合適的配件，以及缺乏適當的維護監督，導致零件磨損、安裝不當、鬆弛或過度上緊所致。

Leakage from oil fuel systems is a major cause of fires in the engine room and other machinery spaces. Leakage from oil fuel systems has arisen from the use of unsuitable spares and lack of properly supervised maintenance to guard against worn, incorrectly fitted, slack or over-tightened components.

廚房操作 - 概述

Galley Operations - General

廚房是一個工作繁忙的地方，也是一個嚴重的火災隱患。廚房裡繁忙的活動，主要集中在食物準備上，再加上容易引發火災的基本材料，都加劇了引發火災的危險。因此，廚房在作業時必須隨時有人照管。

The galley is busy place and is a significant fire hazard. The combination of intense activity, focused primarily on food preparation, and the basic ingredients for a fire, all add to the danger. For this reason, the galley must never be left unattended whilst it is in use.

廚房加熱源

Galley Heating Sources

大多數船上廚房使用電加熱系統進行烹飪，其火災風險與其他電氣設備相同。

For cooking onboard, most galleys employ an electrical heating supply and the fire risks associated with this are the same as for other electrical equipment.

廚房爐灶

Galley Ranges

爐灶的熱度加上其附近的易燃油脂很容易引發火災。因此，衣物、毛巾、抹布和紙張應遠離爐灶。切勿在爐灶上方堆放任何物品。在海上航行時，爐灶護板應始終固定到位。

The heat from a range coupled to a ready supply of combustible oils and fats can easily give rise to a fire. For this reason, clothing, towels, rags, cloths and paper should be kept away from a range. Never stow any material above a range and at sea, range battens should always be in place.

爐灶指示燈必須可操作並避免引燃煙霧形成的爆炸性混合物，主爐灶在開啟時指示燈必須點亮。

Pilot lights must be operable and to avoid the possibility of fumes forming an explosive mixture, main burners must light when turned on.

廚房清潔

Galley Cleanness

除了保持衛生條件外，廚房清潔還應強調確保盡一切努力降低火災風險。

In addition to maintaining hygienic conditions, an emphasis on galley cleanliness ensures every effort is being made to reduce the possibility of fire.

1. 用過的箱子、袋子、紙張和廢棄食物應放置在適當的、不可燃的、帶蓋的垃圾容器中，以便後續處理。
Used boxes, bags, paper and waste food should be placed in suitable, non- combustible and covered garbage containers in readiness for disposal.

2. 應定期清除爐灶內及周圍的油脂堆積物。
Accumulations of grease in and around the range should be periodically removed. 

焊接和切割

Welding and Cutting

由於本質上的危險，氧氣乙炔焊接和燃燒或其他涉及氣體火焰或電焊的動火作業，必須予以管控。

Because of the inherent dangers, oxyacetylene welding and burning or other hot work involving gas flames or electric arc must be controlled.

在港口或碼頭，此類作業通常是被禁止的或需要嚴格的管控和批准。

In port or at a terminal, such work is often prohibited or will be the subject of strict controls and approvals.

在船上，涉及高溫和明火的工作本身就具有潛在的危險性，除非採取一系列安全措施並且需嚴格遵守。

Aboard ship, work involving extreme heat and open flame is by its nature potentially hazardous unless a range of safety measures is put in place and strictly adhered to.

以下是一些防火常識：

Commonsense tips for fire prevention are:

1. 施工前務必諮詢相關人員或主管，確認預期的焊接或切割作業是否允許。除了執行特定的安全程序外，通常還需要「動火作業許可證」。
Always check with a competent person or officer that the intended welding or cutting operations are permitted. A "Hot Work Permit" is often required in addition to the enforcement of specific safety procedures.

2. 將所有可燃材料和物質移離工作區域。如果無法移動，應加以保護防止高溫和火花。務必檢查工作區域下方和附近是否有可燃材料。
Remove all combustible materials and substances away from the work area. If they cannot be moved, protect from heat and sparks. Always check for combustible materials below and adjacent to the work area.

3. 切勿在粉塵或可燃氣體濃度較高的區域附近進行燃燒或焊接。在這種情況下，應採取適當的特殊作業程序，包括由海事專業人員或其他合格人員進行無可燃氣體認證。
NEVER burn or weld near concentrations of dust or combustible vapour. In these circumstances, special procedures will apply involving gas-free certification by a marine chemist or other competent person.

4. 準備合適的消防設備，以及一條充滿水並加壓至噴嘴的消防皮龍。
Have the appropriate fire fighting appliances at the ready, together with a water charged hose line pressurised to the nozzle.

5. 如果使用加壓氣體進行燃燒或焊接，請確保氣瓶直立固定，並保護軟管免受損壞。在封閉空間內燃燒或焊接時，請確保在空間外部設有氣體截止閥，並記住在拆除焊槍時先斷開軟管與氣瓶的連接。
If using pressurised gas for burning or welding, ensure cylinders are secured in an upright position and protect hoses from damage. When burning or welding in an enclosed space, ensure a gas shut-off valve is provided outside the space and remember to remove hoses when a torch is disconnected.

6. 在工作區域、工作區域下方以及正在進行燒焊或焊接作業的艙壁或甲板的另一側，需保持有效且持續的防火守望。在工作完成後至少一小時內需檢查是否仍有熱點。
Maintain a competent and continuous fire watch in the work area, below the work area and on the other side of a bulkhead or deck that is being burned or welded. Check for hot spots for at least an hour after the work has been completed.

7. 切勿使用加壓氧氣驅動氣動工具，切勿使用氧氣吹掃工作台和機床，也切勿使用氧氣為氣動裝置充氣。
Never attempt to use pressurised oxygen to power pneumatic tools, never use oxygen to blow down benches and machine tool and never use oxygen to inflate pneumatic devices.