船上消防訓練手冊 - 第三章 火災的分類與滅火劑

船上消防訓練手冊
Shipboard Fire Training Manual

尚作仁船長 編撰 Compiled by Captain David Shang

第三章 火災的分類與滅火劑
Chapter 3 Fire Classification & Extinguishing Agents

3. 一般資訊

General Information

本章重點在於不同火災類型的差異，並闡述了不同類型滅火劑如何撲滅各類型的火災。
This chapter highlights the differences in fire classification schemes and illustrates the way in which extinguishing agents are used to combat the various categories of fire defined by the classification schemes.

3.1 簡介

Introduction

船舶火災是最難控制和撲滅的火災之一。因此，成功的船上滅火需要了解火災的性質，掌握最合適的滅火劑，並具備專業消防機構以外的專業訓練和個人應對能力。
Ship fires are among the most difficult to control and to extinguish. Therefore successful shipboard fire fighting requires an understanding of the nature of the fire, a knowledge of the most appropriate extinguishing agent or agents and a level of training and personal response unlike anything seen outside of professional fire fighting organisations.

火災的性質和滅火反應將在本手冊的其他部分進行討論。

The nature of fire and fire fighting response is discussed elsewhere in this Manual.

本章將說明如何透過對各種火災進行分類，並根據物質和材料的燃燒特性進行分組，從而更容易地選擇合適的滅火劑。

This chapter demonstrates how selecting the right extinguishing agent is made easier by categorising each type of fire and by grouping substances and materials according to their burning properties.

3.2 火災等級

Classes of fire

如前所述，所有船舶都配備或載運多種潛在易燃材料和物質。由於這些材料和物質的化學成分和點燃時的行為不同，因此需要不同的滅火策略，以便盡可能在短的時間內完成滅火，從而最大程度地減少損害並降低消防員的風險。

As previously discussed all ships are outfitted with or carry many types of potentially flammable materials and substances. Due to their differing chemical composition and behaviour when ignited, these materials and substances require a different fire extinguishing strategy in order that extinguishment is achieved in the shortest time possible, causing the least damage and minimising the risks to fire fighters.

因此，火災需根據燃料和最有效的滅火劑進行分類。

With this in mind, fires are classed according to the fuel and the most effective extinguishing agents.

了解海上使用的火災分類將極大地幫助海員選擇最佳的滅火設備或滅火劑。目前主要使用的兩種火災分類方案如下：
Knowledge of fire classification schemes used at sea will greatly help the seafarer to select the best extinguishing appliance or extinguishing medium. Two major fire classification schemes are in use:

	International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO 3941/EN-2)	National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 10)
Class A	涉及固體物質的火災，通常為有機物質，燃燒後通常會形成熾熱餘燼。 Fires involving solid materials, usually of an organic nature, in which combustion normally take place with the formation of glowing embers.	木材、布料、紙張、橡膠和多種塑膠等普通可燃材料的火災。 Fires in ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics.
Class B	涉及液體或可液化固體的火災。 Fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids.	易燃液體、油、油脂、焦油、油性塗料、漆和易燃氣體中的火災。 Fires in flammable liquids, oils, greases, tars, oil base paints, lacquers and flammable gases.
Class C	涉及氣體的火災。 Fires involving gases.	涉及帶電電氣設備的火災，滅火介質的電絕緣性至關重要。(當電氣設備斷電時，可以安全使用用於撲滅A類或B類火災的滅火器)。 Fires which involve energised electrical equipment where the electrical non-conductivity of the extinguishing medium is of importance. (When electrical equipment is de-energised, extinguishers for class A or B fires may be safely used).
Class D	涉及金屬的火災。 Fires involving metals.	鎂、鈦、鋯、鈉、鋰和鉀等可燃金屬的火災。 Fires in combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium and potassium.

滅火劑係根據其滅火能力進行分類。每種滅火劑都透過攻擊燃燒四面體的一個或多個面來發揮作用。
Extinguishing agents are classed according to their ability to put out a fire. Every extinguishing agent operates by attacking one or more sides of the fire tetrahedron.

這涉及以下一個或多個過程：
This involves one or more of the following processes:

1. 冷卻 - 滅火劑將燃料的溫度降低到其燃點以下。這是對燃燒四面體「熱量」面的直接攻擊。
Cooling - where the agent reduces the temperature of the fuel to below its ignition temperature. This is a direct attack on the "heat" side of the fire tetrahedron.

2. 窒息 - 滅火劑將燃料與氧氣供應隔離。這可以被視為對燃燒四面體「燃料」面和「氧氣」面交界處的攻擊。
Smothering - where the agent isolates the fuel from its immediate supply of oxygen. This can be considered as an attack on the edge of the fire tetrahedron where the "fuel" and "oxygen" sides meet.

3. 氧氣稀釋 - 滅火劑將可用氧氣量降低到能維持燃燒所需量之下。這是對燃燒四面體「氧氣」面的直接攻擊。
Oxygen dilution - where the agent reduces the amount of available oxygen below that needed to maintain combustion. This is a direct attack on the "oxygen" side of the fire tetrahedron.

4. 斷鏈 - 滅火劑破壞維持火勢的化學反應過程。這消除了燃燒四面體的「連鎖反應」面。
Chain breaking - where the agent disrupts the chemical processes that sustain fire. This removes the "chain reaction" side of the tetrahedron.

3.3 滅火劑
Extinguishing Agents

船上使用不同的滅火劑來撲滅不同類型的火災。滅火劑將透過固定式、手提式和半攜式設備輸送。
Different fire extinguishing agents are employed onboard to attack the various types of fire. The extinguishing agents are transported through the use of fixed installations and by portable and semi-portable appliances.

根據滅火效果和物理特性，滅火劑可分為氣體、液體和固體三種。有些滅火劑可用於撲滅多種類型的火災，有些則用途較為有限。
Extinguishing agents are applied to a fire as a gas, liquid or solid according to its extinguishing action and physical properties. Some extinguishing agents may be used on several categories of fire, whereas others have a more restricted use.

水
Water

水主要是一種冷卻劑。它比任何其他常用的滅火劑都能更有效地吸收熱量並冷卻燃燒物。
Water is primarily a cooling agent. It absorbs heat and cools burning materials more effectively than any other of the commonly used extinguishing agents.

在100°C和標準大氣壓力下，水將沸騰並變成蒸氣。這有利於快速吸收熱量並將其從燃燒物中帶走。這將使燃燒物的溫度降低到其燃點以下，從而將火撲滅。
At 100°C and at normal atmospheric pressure, water boils and turns to steam. This has a beneficial effect in that heat is rapidly absorbed and carried away from the burning material. This then reduces the temperature of the burning material below its ignition temperature and the fire goes out.

此外，當水變成蒸氣時，它會從液態轉變為氣態。在此過程中，它的體積會膨脹約1700倍。這團水蒸氣包圍著火焰並取代了供給火焰的氧氣。因此，水俱有窒息和冷卻的作用。然而，根據不同的噴射方式，也存在一些缺點。
Furthermore, when water turns to steam, it converts from its liquid state to a vapour state. In so doing it expands to about 1700 times in volume. This cloud of vapour surrounds the fire and displaces the oxygen feeding the fire. Thus water has a smothering ability as well as cooling. However, dependant on the delivery method, some disadvantages do occur.

從水帶或儲壓手提式/半攜式滅火器中噴出的穩定水流對深層A類火災尤其有效。

Water, produced as a solid stream from a hose line or from a stored pressure portable/semi-portable fire extinguisher is especially effective on deep-seated Class A fires.

水霧

Water Spray

水霧作為獨特的滅火劑，比使用穩定水流具有顯著的滅火優勢。除了減少滅火所需的水量外，其主要優勢在於，在一定體積的水流中，能形成更大的表面積，從而增強其吸收更多熱量的能力。

Water spray, as a distinct extinguishing agent, offers considerable fire fighting benefits over the use of a solid stream of water. Besides a reduction in the volume of water necessary to extinguish a fire, the main benefit is the mechanical formation of a larger surface area for a given volume of water that increases its ability to absorb much more heat.

一般而言，水霧在撲滅A類火災方面非常有效，在技術熟練且訓練有素的消防員手中，某些B類火災(通常是閃點為25°C及以上的易燃液體)也可以使用水霧進行撲滅，儘管這種策略通常不被推薦。

In general, water spray is very effective in combating Class A fires and in the hands of skilled and suitably trained fire fighters, certain Class B fires (usually flammable liquids with flash points of 25°C and over) can also be attacked with a water spray, fog or mist although this strategy is not generally encouraged.

消防人員可以透過多種經核准在船上使用的設備進行噴水：

Water spray is available to fire fighters from a number of devices approved for use aboard ship:

1. 使用組合式或噴霧式噴嘴，連接加壓皮龍。它能產生高速霧流，可有效降低艙間、住艙和貨艙內的熱度。它也可用於掩護消防員推進，驅散走道內的煙霧和熱量。

From a combination or fog nozzle attached to a pressurised hose line. This produces a high-velocity fog stream that can be used very effectively to reduce heat in compartments, cabins and cargo spaces. It can also be used by advancing fire fighters to drive smoke and heat through alleyways.

圖3-1 消防噴頭
Figure 3-1 Fire Nozzles

2. 固定式壓力灑水系統，其管路加壓，噴頭透過內置熔斷器開啟。此類系統主要安裝在機艙，與火災偵測和火災警報系統搭配使用。水透過噴頭導流板以錐形噴霧形式噴出。

From a fixed pressure water sprinkler system, of the automatic wet type, where the piping is pressurised and sprinkler heads are opened by the operation of built-in fusible links. This type is predominately fitted to the machinery rooms and works in conjunction with a fire detection and fire alarm system. Water is released as cone-shaped sprays through the use of sprinkler head deflectors.

圖3-2 灑水器和火災偵測器

Figure 3-2 water sprinkler and fire detector

泡沫

Foam

泡沫劑尤其適用於B類液體燃燒火災，所有泡沫均能透過一層氣泡層來抑制火焰。氣泡層能防止可燃蒸氣離開燃料表面，同時切斷局部氧氣供應。此外，泡沫中的水分還具有冷卻作用，使其亦適用於A類固體火災。

Foaming agent especially suitable for Class B fires involving burning liquids, all foams possess a smothering effect on fire through the formation of a blanket of bubbles. The blanket prevents flammable vapours leaving the surface of the fuel simultaneously cutting off the local supply of oxygen. Additionally the water content in foam provides a cooling effect which makes foam suitable for use on Class A fires involving solid materials.

船上淨油機間滅火器採用水膜泡沫。這是一種合成泡沫，稱為AFFF，由氟碳和碳氫化合物表面活性劑混合而成，專門設計用於提供良好穩定的泡沫層和有效的滅火性能。該濃縮液以6%的比例溶於淡水或海水中，用於手提式和半攜式滅火器，並提供3%的預混溶液，主要設計用於手提式泡沫噴灑器。

The Aqueous film forming foam is adopted for shipboard purifier room extinguisher. This is synthetic foam known as AFFF consisting of a blend of fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants specifically designed to offer good foam blanket stability with effective fire extinction performance. The concentrate is employed in portable and semi-portable extinguishers as a 6% proportioned solution in fresh or seawater and is available as a 3% pre-mix solution for use with portable foam applicators for which it was primarily designed.

圖3-3 3% 水成膜泡沫

Figure 3-3 3% Aqueous Film Forming Foam

二氧化碳

Carbon dioxide

二氧化碳(CO2)是一種大多數海員都熟悉的滅火劑，因為它常用於手提式、半攜式以及固定式滅火系統。
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) will be a familiar extinguishing agent to most seafarers through its use in portable and semi-portable appliances as well as in fixed fire extinguishing systems.

二氧化碳主要是窒息作用。由於其密度大於空氣，它會包圍火焰，直到氧氣含量低到無法維持燃燒。因此，這種氣體對涉及易燃液體的B類火災和A類火災有效，但通常適用於封閉空間。

CO₂ is primarily a smothering agent. Being denser than air is surrounds the fire until the oxygen content becomes too low to support burning. For this reason the gas is effective on Class B fires involving flammable liquids and on Class A fires but usually when applied in an enclosed space.

二氧化碳對自身含氧的物質無效，不應用於涉及可燃金屬的D類火災。由於化學反應會加劇火勢，二氧化碳絕不能用於涉及鎂的火災。
CO₂ is not effective on substances that contain their own oxygen and should not be used on Class D fires involving combustible metals. It must never be used on fires involving magnesium due to a chemical reaction that will intensify the fire.

雖然在露天環境下可以使用攜帶式二氧化碳滅火器撲滅小火，但為了真正有效，二氧化碳最好在密閉空間內使用。

Although small fires can be extinguished through the use of portable CO₂ appliances in the open air, to be really effective CO₂ is best applied in a confined space.

最後，雖然二氧化碳無毒，但在達到滅火所需濃度時會導致窒息。因此，固定式裝置必須配備警報系統和疏散程序。

Finally, although CO₂ is non-toxic, it causes suffocation at concentrations needed for fire extinguishment. Accordingly, alarm systems and procedures for evacuation are mandated for fixed installations.

圖3-4 手提式二氧化碳滅火器

Figure 3-4 Portable CO₂ extinguisher

乾化學劑或乾粉
Dry chemical or dry powder

乾化學劑和乾粉滅火劑這兩個術語可以互換使用，均指粉末狀的滅火化學物質。乾粉通常專門用於涉及可燃金屬的D類火災的滅火劑。多用途乾粉滅火劑適用於撲滅NFPA 10標準的A、B和C類火災，以及ISO 3941/EN-2標準的A、B和C類火災。

The terms dry chemical and dry powder extinguishing agents are interchangeable to mean fire suppression chemicals in powder form. The term dry powder is often exclusively used to describe extinguishing agents reserved for use on Class D fires involving combustible metals. Multipurpose dry chemical or dry powder agents are suitable for use on fires of Class A, B and C under the NFPA 10 standard and on Class A, B and C under the ISO 3941/EN-2 standard.

磷酸銨 - 通常被稱為ABC多用途化合物(也稱為磷酸銨)，在船上廣泛使用，因為它除了能夠撲滅B類液體燃燒物(無論是否帶有電氣危險)的火災外，還能撲滅A類火災。該滅火劑透過在材料表面覆蓋一層阻燃塗層來阻斷固體燃料火災的連鎖反應。

Ammonium phosphate - often referred to as an ABC multipurpose compound (also mono-ammonium phosphate) is commonly used on board the ships because of its ability to extinguish Class A fires in addition to those involving Class B burning liquids with or without a live electrical hazard. This agent interrupts the chain reaction of a solid fuel fire by covering the surface of the material with a fire retardant coating.

圖3-5 手提式乾粉滅火器

Figure 3-5  Portable dry powder extinguisher

圖3-6 火災分類圖

Figure 3-6 Fire Classification Chart