船上消防訓練手冊 - 第十一章 外部救援

船上消防訓練手冊
Shipboard Fire Training Manual

尚作仁船長 編撰 Compiled by Captain David Shang

第十一章 外部救援
Chapter 11 External Assistance

11. 一般訊息

General Information

本章概述了船舶在港區內或靠泊在碼頭或進塢發生火災時的預先規劃、支援和聯絡要求。

This chapter provides an overview of the pre-planning, support and liaison requirements should a fire occur on board the ship whilst within a port area or moored at a dock or terminal.

 

11.1 引言

Introduction

由於世界上大多數船舶都航行於國際航線，因此應在船舶抵達前或抵達時了解港口國和當地港務局應變船上火災的能力。提前規劃至關重要，尤其是在消防能力有限的港口。

Since the majority of the world's vessels are engaged on international voyages. The abilities of the port State and of the local port authority to respond to a shipboard fire should be known prior to or upon arrival. Forward planning, especially in ports known to have a limited fire fighting capability, is absolutely vital.

當船舶靠港時，實際上已成為其停泊的碼頭或突堤的一部分，儘管是臨時的。但船上發生火災不僅危及船舶、船員及其貨物，也會危及岸上結構、貨物裝卸設備、員工甚至居民。

When in port, the ship essentially becomes a part of the dock or jetty to which it's moored, albeit a temporary one. Therefore a shipboard fire cannot only endanger the ship, the crew and its cargo but also the shore side structures, cargo handling equipment, employees and even residents.

如果船舶靠港時發生火災，船上自有的滅火隊將展開滅火，如同在海上一樣，但本章強調了要求岸上消防隊儘早參與的必要性，並指導他們如何與船員合作，以達到保護船舶以及港口財產和人員的共同目標。

If a fire occurs while the ship is in port, the ship's own fire-fighting teams will start to fight the fire as if at sea, but this chapter emphasizes the need for early involvement of shore-based Fire Brigade and provides guidance on how they can work with the crew to achieve the common goal of protecting the ship and property and people in port.

 

11.2 船舶在港

The vessel in port

令人震驚的事實是，有65%的船上火災都發生在港區。

It is a staggering fact that 65% of all shipboard fires occur within a port area.

船舶在靠港期間，海上嚴格遵守的防火和火災控制措施往往會被鬆懈。而且，在貨物裝卸期間，也可能難以監控登船人員或管制他們的活動。

When in port, the controls that are in place at sea regarding fire prevention and fire response often become diluted despite the best intentions. Similarly, during cargo work it may be difficult to monitor who comes aboard the vessel or control their activities.

由於船期的要求、船員更換以及額外的行政壓力，都有可能導致基本的安全程序被忽視。在港口相對鬆散的工作環境中，船員也可能忽略常規的防火要求。

Demands for prompt vessel turn-round, crew change and additional administrative pressures can all contribute to the sidelining of basic safety procedures. The crew may also forget common fire prevention rules when in the more relaxed work environment when in port.

由於在港時船員可能會下地，船上在船人數可能大幅減少，導致船員緊急應變的能力也會變得更不足，因此，如果靠港時發生火災，不僅會延誤火災發現的時間，船上滅火的能力也會受到影響，尤其是在夜間或非工作日。

Since crew members may go ashore while in port, the number of crew on board may be significantly reduced, resulting in the crew's ability to respond to emergencies becoming even more insufficient. Therefore, if a fire occurs while docked in port, not only will the time of fire discovery be delayed, but the ship's ability to extinguish the fire will also be affected, especially at night or on non-working days.

所以船長有責任了解每個港口的可用資源，並採取適當的應變措施。透過國際岸岸上接頭向船舶消防總管供水是第一選擇，但確定岸上消防隊可提供的消防保障也同樣重要。船長必須知道萬一船舶靠港時發生火災，可以聯絡誰。

Therefore, it is the responsibility of the ship's master to know what resources are available at each port and take the appropriate contingency measures. The supply of water to the ship's fire main via the international shore connection is the first priority, but so is establishing what fire cover is available on shore by means of fire teams and fire brigades. It is essential that the ship's master must know who to contact in the event of a fire while the ship is in port.

船長對其船舶負有總體責任，但在港口時，任何火災都必須報告給港務局，如果船上滅火隊無法控制火勢或需要援助時，港務局可決定如何協助滅火。在某些港口國，如果岸上消防隊的指揮官認為岸上的生命安全或財產受到威脅時，岸上消防隊有權主動接管滅火行動。

The master has overall responsibility for his vessel, but when in port any fire must be reported to the port authority who may decide to summon help if the ships fire teams fail to control the fire or require assistance. In some port States, the shore side fire brigades may assume control of the fire fighting operation if their commanding officers feel that there is a threat to life safety or property on shore.

在外國港口，一個經常被忽視的問題是船上人員和岸上緊急服務人員之間可能存在語言障礙。適當透過雙語船員、船舶代理或港務局成員，建立穩固的溝通管道將是明智之舉。

One problem that is often overlooked in foreign ports is the potential for a language barrier between the ship's officers and the shore side emergency services. It may be wise to establish a firm line of communication via a bilingual crew member, the ships agent or a member of port authority.

 

11.3 岸上應變

Shore side response

船長能夠獲得的消防支援很大程度上取決於船舶停靠在世界的哪個地方。

The level of fire fighting support available to the master depends greatly on where in the world the vessel is docked.

大多數已開發國家，岸上消防支援服務是全天候的，但在其他國家，由於責任劃分、私人利益和合約義務等，回應的時間可能會被延誤。在最壞的情況下，可能會完全沒有消防支援，或者只有一支非常基礎或兼職的消防隊，這些消防隊也缺乏特殊訓練，而且裝備簡陋。

In most developed countries competent shore side fire support is readily available, but in others there may be delays in response times due to demarcation responsibilities, private interests and contractual obligations. In the worst case it can mean no available fire cover at all or only the availability of a very basic or part time fire team with no special training and minimal equipment.

雖然大多數港口都有自己的消防隊，但如果您的船舶發生火災，他們也有可能不願意提供協助。因為他們的訓練和裝備可能只適用於處理港口自身設施的火災，或者出於權責的政策考量，因此切勿將岸上消防隊的支援視為理所當然。

Although most ports have their own fire teams, but they may be unwilling to assist you if a fire occurs on your vessel. This may be due to the fact that they are only trained and equip to deal with fires in their property at port or by reasons of policy, therefore never take the availability of any shore side fire team for granted.

但絕大多數岸上消防隊都會在船長提出請求時提供協助，但如果他們認為自己隊員可能受到危險時，他們仍然有權拒絕提供協助。相反的，在某些國家，如果岸上消防隊認為船上消防隊未能控制火勢時，他們也可能會主動接管火場滅火指揮權。

The vast majority of land based fire brigades will assist if requested to do so by the ship's master but they still have the right to decline to assist if they feel their own crew may be endangered. Conversely, a land-based fire brigade may, in some countries, assume command of the incident if they feel that the ship's fire teams are failing to control the fire.

在大多數情況下，當港務局被通報船上發生火災時，會通知消防隊趕到現場提供協助，但消防隊到達後也可能僅是待在船邊備便，防止火勢蔓延到岸上。

In most cases, whilst the port authority is notified of a fire on board a ship, the fire teams will be notified to rush to the scene to provide assistance, but once the fire teams arrives, they may just stay at the side of the ship to prevent the fire from spreading to the shore.

 

11.4 與陸上消防隊合作

Working with land-based fire teams

如前所述，大多數港口都會配備消防隊，或者當地消防隊會提供協助。然而，一些消防隊可能沒有接受過海上滅火程序的訓練，如果公司政策允許，最好邀請當地消防部門和消防隊指揮官登船，討論並展示任何可能與岸上滅火技術不同的特殊程序。

As discussed earlier, most ports will have fire teams available or the local fire brigades will assist. However, some fire brigades may not be trained in marine fire fighting procedure, and providing it is acceptable under company policy, it is a good idea to invite the local fire department and fire team commanders on board to discuss and demonstrate any special procedures that may differ from shore side fire fighting techniques.

一個很好的例子就是通風。岸上消防員通常使用特定的通風技術來導引火勢，而海上消防員則傾向於盡可能的阻絕火勢蔓延。

A good example of this is being venting. Shore side fire fighters often use specific ventilation techniques to direct the fire, whereas marine fire fighters tend to confine a fire as much as possible.

一般來說，在消防方面，陸上消防隊可能比船員更了解消防知識，而船員則更了解船上的佈局、專用消防設備、穩定性因素等。

It is a general rule that when it comes to fire fighting, land based brigades will probably know far more about fire fighting than the ship's crew, whereas the ship's crew will know far more about the layout of the ship, its specific fire equipment, stability factors, etc.

重要的是要花時間交流知識，以便在緊急情況下雙方能夠統一應對，共同努力，而不是互相干擾。

It is important to take time and exchange knowledge so that in an emergency there is a unified response with both parties working together instead of hindering each other.

船岸共同滅火是一項真正的團隊合作，船員和消防隊可以共同承擔鄰接面冷卻、關閉通風口、積極滅火等任務。

Joint fire-fighting by ship and shore is a true team effort, crew members and fire brigades can share tasks such as boundary cooling, closing vents, aggressive fire attack, etc.

船上滅火隊可以透過以下方式大力協助岸上消防隊：

Shipboard fire teams can greatly assist shore-based fire brigades by:

1. 協助接近

Assisting with access

2. 監測潮汐和天氣狀況

Keeping check on tide and weather conditions

3. 提供戰略和戰術建議

Offering advice on strategy and tactics

4. 保持船舶穩定性

Maintaining vessel stability

當消防隊協助船上滅火人員時，通常會在岸上設立指揮所來指揮滅火行動。指揮所通常採用統一指揮結構，由船長與陸上事故指揮官共同決定目標與策略。在極少數情況下，如果陸上消防隊主動接手滅火行動，有時會採取單一指揮。

When fire brigades assist fire crews aboard ship, a command post is normally set up shore side to control the fire fighting operation. This is normally a unified command structure with the ship's master working with the land based incident commander where they jointly determine objectives and strategy. Single command is sometimes used in the rare cases where a land-based brigade will take control of the operation.

聯合訓練演習是建立和加強陸上和船上消防隊之間聯繫，以及明確職責和操作程序的寶貴工具。

Joint training exercises are an invaluable tool in establishing and reinforcing bonds between land and shipboard fire teams, as well as clearly defining roles and operational procedures.

 

11.5 國際岸上接頭

International shore connections

船舶停靠港口時，主機關閉，消防泵浦停止運行，船舶消防總管透過國際岸上接頭保持供水。國際岸上接頭是指將碼頭的消防總管與船舶的消防總管連接的標準接頭，以保持供水。

When a ship is in port, with its engines shut down and the fire pumps not running, the ships fire main is kept charged via the international shore connection. This is where the fire main in the dock is connected to the ships fire main to keep it charged with water.

然而，雖然這可能有助於船舶消防隊撲滅船上小規模火災和進行鄰接面冷卻，但岸上消防隊不太可能利用這些供水，也不太可能使用與其連接的消防設備。
However, while this may be of use for the ships fire teams to tackle small fires on board and for boundary cooling, it is very unlikely that a shore side fire team would utilise this water supply, or use the apparatus which it is coupled to.

專業消防員在嚴重緊急情況下不會依賴船舶消防設備，也不會使用他們不熟悉的設備。此外，也有人擔心船舶消防總管無法承受施加的壓力，消防總管一旦發生故障，可能會有淹水的危險。

The professional fire fighter is not going to want to rely on the ships fire fighting equipment in a serious emergency, nor use equipment that they are unfamiliar with. There are also concerns that the ships fire main would not be able to cope with the pressures imposed on it and there is a danger of flooding should the fire main fail.

在絕大多數情況下，岸上消防隊會迅速投放足夠的水帶來滿足用水需求，並且不會浪費時間連接國際岸上接頭(如果尚未建立連接)。

In the vast majority of cases, shore side fire brigades will quickly run sufficient hose to meet their water requirements, and will not waste time establishing the international shore connection if not already done so.

 

11.6 特殊資源

Special resources

陸上消防隊參與的一大優點在於，他們可以隨時取得額外資源。

One of the great advantages of involving land-based fire brigades is the additional resource they have ready access to.

同樣的，這在很大程度上取決於船舶停靠在世界哪個地方，但在大多數擁有完善消防隊的已開發國家，他們通常擁有大量特殊設備來協助滅火和救援行動。這些設備包括：

Again, this depends greatly on where in the world the vessel is docked, but in most developed countries with well-established fire brigades, they often have access to an army of special apparatus to assist in the fire and rescue operation. These can include:

1. 長距離旋轉伸縮梯的液壓平台(附水砲)

Turn-table extension ladders with long reach Hydraulic platforms with water canons

2. 消防船

Fire boats

3. 泡沫消防車

Foam tenders

4. 散裝二氧化碳消防車

Bulk carbon dioxide tenders

5. 消防援救隊

Fire salvage teams

6. 專業救援與水下救援隊

Specialised rescue and sub-aqua teams

7. 化學事故處理小組

Chemical incident units

8. 高級醫療團隊

Advanced medical teams

9. 空中支援

Aerial support

10. 超音波和紅外線熱成像儀

Ultrasound and infrared thermal imaging cameras

 

11.7 檢查清單

Checklist

如前所述，值班或當值船副在船舶靠港或錨泊時，必須向港務局報告船上發生的任何火災事件。港務局通常會召集消防隊或其自己的消防隊。
As previously mentioned, the duty or watch officer must report any fire incident on board the vessel to the port authority when alongside or at anchor. The port authority will most certainly summon the fire brigade or its own fire teams.

當消防隊到達現場後，如果船長請求其協助或讓其接管滅火指揮，則需要告知岸上消防隊以下資訊：Upon their arrival at the scene, if their assistance is requested by the master or if they assume command of the incident, the shore side fire team or brigade will need to be advised of the following:

1. 疑似起火點
The believed seat of the fire

2. 疑似涉及的燃料

The believed fuel involved

3. 鄰近燃料

Adjacent fuels

4. 涉事人員或失蹤者

Persons involved or missing

5. 貨物艙單

Manifest of the cargo

6. 船舶防火管制圖

Ship's fire control plans

7. 任命穩定性官員

Appointment of a stability officer