載重線公約規定、船上檢查要點和缺失案例

載重線公約規定、船上檢查要點和缺失案例
The regulations of Load line Convention,
shipboard inspection points & deficiencies cases

尚作仁船長 編撰 By Captain David Shang

前言 Preface:

許多船員對於「載重線公約」的印象，認為是用來作為造船設計與丈量的規範，使船舶能完全符合公約的要求，藉以取得載重線證書使船舶得以營運。
Most seafarers get the impression that the “Load line Convention” is established for shipbuilders as a rule to design and measure a ship, which shall fully comply with the Convention then get the Load line Certificate for shipping operation.

由於載重線公約的規定大多偏重於造船設計的技術規範，對船員而言，某些內容實屬艱澀難懂，因此在船上的日常作業中，除了貨載量的限制、穩定度的計算及載重線維護外，對於公約的其他內容則甚少涉獵，且認為對於船上的管理實務似乎沒有甚麼關聯性。
Because the regulations of Load line Convention are emphasized the technical specification of ship’s design and measure. For seafarers, some contents are too difficult to understand. Thus during the routine shipboard operations, except cargo loading capacity limitation, stability condition calculation and Plimsoll mark maintenance, the rest contents of the Load line Convention are seldom to understand and supposed it seems nothing to do with the practice of shipboard management.

所以當船員在面對PSC檢查時，除了SOLAS公約及MARPOL公約相關缺失外，關於載重線公約比較常見缺失是載重線標誌不清；除此之外，大部分的船員對於該公約的其他規定都比較陌生，也因此在船舶檢查與保養工作中，這些部分容易被遺漏或忽視，其後果除了造成PSC檢查被開立缺失的潛在風險外，也將嚴重影響船體結構與水密性的安全。
Therefore whilst seafarers face PSC inspection, except the deficiencies issued regarding SOLAS and MARPOL Conventions, for the Load line Convention, the most common deficiency is Load line mark ambiguous. Other than that, most seafarers are not familiar with the rest regulations of the Convention. Thus during shipboard inspection and maintenance works, these parts are tend to be omitted or ignored, the consequence will not only lead potential risks for deficiencies issuing during PSC inspection but also will affects ship’s construction and water integrity safety.

有鑑於此，本人特將載重線公約附錄一，規則1~25條與船上檢查與保養實務有關的規定，分成十大類別，逐項介紹其法規要求，檢查要點及缺失案例等，俾使船員能簡易的對照檢查船上相關設備，了解船上各種設備的保養要求，除了能確保船體結構與水密性的安全外，也可有效的預防被PSC檢查開立缺失的風險。
In view of this, I specially digest the Annex 1 of the Load line Convention, from regulation 1~25 that related to shipboard inspection and maintenance practices, to classify into 10 categories introducing the requirement of regulations, inspection points and deficiencies cases etc.. In order to let seafarers can compare with the text to check shipboard related equipment, to understand the maintenance requirement for shipboard various equipment. It is not only to ensure the safety of ship’s construction and water integrity but also to prevent the risks of deficiency issued by PSC inspection.

載重線公約介紹 The introduction of Load line Convention.

「國際船舶載重線公約」於1966年4月5日在倫敦簽訂，並於1968年7月21日起生效。此後又經歷了1988年議定書和2003年修正案等重要的修改和完善。
The International Convention on Load Lines was signed in London on 5 April 1966, and become effective since 21/Jul/1968, thereafter amended by the 1988 Protocol and further revised in 2003.

本公約提供國際載重線證書之船舶檢驗、發證、期效、生效及認可之依據，以及相關船旗國管制措施、免許及免除等。
The Convention provides for the terms of ship's surveys, issuance, duration, validity and acceptance of International Load Line Certificates, as well as relevant State control measures, agreed exemptions and exceptions.

本公約附錄包含各種決定載重線之規定，包括標示的細節及確認，勘定乾舷的條件，乾舷計算表及修正，對於裝載原木船舶的特別條款及國際載重線公約證書的格式規定等。
Annexes to the Convention contain various regulations for determining load lines, including details of marking and verification of marks, conditions of assignment of freeboard, freeboard tables and corrections, special provisions for ships intended for the carriage of timber and the prescribed form of International Load Line Certificates.

根據本公約的附錄，也針對不同海域及不同季節的潛在風險納入考量，並加強對艙門及艙口的安全措施。
According to the Annexes to the Convention, also taken into account are the potential hazards present in different zones and different seasons and additional safety measures concerning doors, hatchways etc.

載重線的目的:
The purpose of Load lines:

1. 穩定度要求 Stability Requirement
(設計和乾舷相關標準 Design & Freeboard Related Criteria)

* 確保船舶在所有可能的裝載條件下具有足夠的穩定性(完整穩定性)
To ensure that the vessel has sufficient stability for all probable loading conditions
(Intact Stability)

* 確保船舶在發生規定損壞後有足夠的儲備浮力(破損穩定性)
To ensure that the vessel has sufficient reserve buoyancy after prescribed damage (Damage Stability)

* 確保船舶水密並能快速排除船上進水
To ensure that the vessel keeps water out and quickly removes any water trapped aboard

2. 結構強度要求 Strength Requirement
(設計相關標準 Design Related Criteria)

* 確保船舶結構強度足以滿足預設的裝載條件(船舶的結構強度)
To ensure that a vessel is strong enough for a proposed loading condition
(Ship's Structural Strength)

3. 甲板安全要求 Deck Safety Requirement
(設計和乾舷相關標準 Design & Freeboard Related Criteria)

* 確保船員在惡劣天氣下在甲板工作時能得到充分保護
To ensure that the crew is sufficiently protected when working on deck in bad weather

名詞定義 Definitions (Regulation 3)

* 乾舷 Freeboard:
核定的乾舷是在船中處從甲板線的上邊緣向下量至相關載重線的上邊緣的垂直距離。
The freeboard assigned is the distance measured vertically downwards amidships from the upper edge of the deck line to the upper edge of the related load line.

* 乾舷甲板 Freeboard deck:
乾舷甲板通常是最上層露天全通甲板，其上所有的露天開口設有永久性關閉裝置，其下在船側的所有開口設有永久性水密關閉裝置。
The freeboard deck is normally the uppermost complete deck exposed to weather and sea, which has permanent means of closing all openings in the weather part thereof, and below which all openings in the sides of the ship are fitted with permanent means of watertight closing.

* 上層建築 Superstructure:
在乾舷甲板上的甲板建築物，從一舷跨到另一舷或其側壁板離船殼板內側不超過船寬(B)的百分之四。橋樓、尾樓、首樓、後升高甲板都屬於上層建築範圍。
A superstructure is a decked structure on the freeboard deck, extending from side to side of the ship or with the side plating not being inboard of the shell plating more than 4% of the breadth (B). All the bridge, poop, forecastle, raised quarterdeck are belong to the scope of superstructure.

* 風雨密 Weathertight:
指在任何海況下，水不會透入船內。
Weathertight means that in any sea conditions water will not penetrate into the ship.

* 水密 Watertight:
指具有足夠的餘裕承受可能遭遇的最大水位差(水頭)壓力，以抵擋水從任一方透入結構體。
Watertight means capable of preventing the passage of water through the structure in either direction with a proper margin of resistance under the pressure due to the maximum head of water which it might have to sustain.

* A型船 Type 'A' ships
指設計用於專門裝載散裝液體貨物的船舶，此類型船舶的暴露甲板具有高度完整性，貨艙開口很小，其艙口蓋以鋼鐵或其他相等材料製作並以水密襯墊密封，裝貨空間具有低滲透性。
It is designed to carry only liquid cargoes in bulk, has a high integrity of the exposed deck with only small access openings to cargo compartments, closed by watertight gasketed covers of steel or equivalent material; and has low permeability of loaded cargo compartments.

* B型船 Type 'B' ships:
所有非屬於A型船的船舶，即被歸類為B型船。
All ships which do not regarding type 'A' ships shall be considered as type 'B' ships.

本規則對於艙口、門口及通風筒的規定，有下列兩種位置定義:
For the purpose of these regulations, two positions of hatchways, doorways and ventilators are defined as follows:

* 位置1 Position 1:
在露天乾舷甲板上和後升高甲板上，或其他露天甲板以及位於從首垂線起船長的四分之一以前的露天上層建築甲板上。
Upon exposed freeboard and raised quarter decks, and upon exposed superstructure decks situated forward of a point located a quarter of the ship's length from the forward perpendicular.

* 位置2 Position 2:
在位於從首垂線起船長的四分之一以後乾舷甲板以上至少一個標準上層建築高度的露天上層建築甲板上 / 在位於從首垂線起船長的四分之一以前，且在乾舷甲板以上至少兩個標準上層建築高度的露天上層建築甲板上。
Upon exposed superstructure decks situated abaft a quarter of the ship's length from the forward perpendicular and located at least one standard height of superstructure above the freeboard deck. Upon exposed superstructure decks situated forward of a point located a quarter of the ship's length from the forward perpendicular and located at least two standard heights of superstructure above the freeboard deck.
(Refer to the MSC.1/Circ.1535)

一、載重線標誌 Load line mark (Regulation 5)

1. 載重線標誌的要求 The requirement of load line mark:

* 甲板線係指長為300公厘和寬為25公厘的一條水準線。勘劃於船中處的兩側，其上邊緣一般應經過乾舷甲板上表面向外延伸與船殼板外表面的交點。(Regulation 4)
The deck line is a horizontal line 300 mm in length and 25 mm in breadth. It shall be marked amidships on each side of the ship, and its upper edge shall normally pass through the point where the continuation outwards of the upper surface of the freeboard deck intersects the outer surface of the shell. (Regulation 4)

* 載重線標誌由外徑為300公厘，寬25公厘的圓圈與長為450公厘，寬為25公厘的水準線相交組成。
The load line mark shall consist of a ring 300 mm in outside diameter and 25 mm wide which is intersected by a horizontal line 450 mm in length and 25 mm in breadth, the upper edge of which passes through the centre of the ring.

* 載重線標應永久性地勘劃在船舷兩側，對標圈、線段和字母，當船舷為暗色底者，應漆成白色或黃色，當船舷為淺色底者，應漆成黑色。(Regulation 8)
The ring, lines and letters shall be painted in white or yellow on a dark ground or in black on a light ground. They shall also be permanently marked on the sides of the ships.
(Regulation 8)

 

 

2. 載重線標誌的檢查 The inspection of load line mark:

* 檢查甲板線和載重線圓圈、線段、字母等是否清晰，是否永久性勘劃。
To check deck line and the ring, lines and letters of load line are clear and permanently marked.

* 檢查載重線字母、標記的勘劃是否正確。
To check the letters, marks of load line are correct.

* 檢查載重線標誌的顏色是否符合要求。
To check the colour of load line marks are comply with the regulations.

* 檢查載重線線段勘劃的位置是否正確。
To check the of load line marks position is correct.

2.1 多重載重線的檢查 The inspection of multiple load line:

* 船舶可以勘劃多套載重線，但是在任何時候只能有一套載重線標誌和與其相對應的載重線證書展現。其它載重線標誌應用與船殼相同顏色的油漆進行覆蓋，船長應將非現用的其他載重線證書封存並與現行證書分開存放。
A ship can have multiple load line, BUT at any point of time only one set of marks associated with the Load line certificate in use, the other Load line marks are obliterated or painted out with the same colour as its background and the other Load line certificates are kept in a sealed envelope and kept under the safe custody of the master.

* 所有船旗國及船籍協會都要求，當船舶載重線變更時，船長必須記錄於官方紀錄簿。
All flag states & classification societies require that whenever the load lines are changed, Masters must make appropriate entry in the official log book.

* 船舶如果勘畫多套載重線，當載重線年檢時，除現行載重線證書外，船上其餘非現用的載重線證書(分開存放)，在年檢時也必須由船籍協會簽章。
If the ship have multiple load line, during load line annual class survey, except current load line certificate, the other load line certificates (kept in locker) shall also be stamped for annual class endorsements.

3. 載重線標誌的缺失The deficiencies of load line marks:

* 載重線勘劃顏色未能與船殼明顯區分。
The ring, lines and letters did not paint in white or yellow on a dark ground or in black on a light ground.

 

* 甲板線、載重線標誌未永久性勘劃。
The deck line, load line had not permanently marked on the sides of the ships.

二、必須提供給船長的資訊 (SOLAS Chapter II-1 Part B-1 Reg. 5.1)
Information to be supplied to the master (Regulation 10)

1. 必須提供給船長的資訊要求:
The requirement of information to be supplied to the master:

* 每艘新造船都必須提供貨載及壓艙的資訊給該船的船長，以避免產生任何船體無法承受的應力。
The master of every new ship shall be supplied with information to arrange for the loading and ballasting of his ship in such a way as to avoid the creation of any unacceptable stresses in the ship’s structure.

* 穩定度資訊、貨載資訊以及與船體結構強度有關的資訊必須隨時放在船上，並且包含主管機關核可這些資訊的證據。
Stability information, and loading information also related to ship strength shall be carried on board at all times together with evidence that the information has been approved by the Administration.

* 當船體有任何變更，致使貨載或穩定度受影響時，應提供船長修正後的貨載及穩定度資訊。
Where any alterations are made to a ship so as to materially affect the loading or stability information supplied to the master, amended information shall be provided.

2. 必須提供給船長的資訊檢查:
The inspection of information to be supplied to the master:

* 裝載與穩定度手冊的檢查
To check the Loading and Stability Manual:
船上是否備有船籍協會核可的「裝載與穩定度手冊」
Whether the Class approved “Loading and Stability Manual” is available on board.

* 裝載與穩定度計算電腦軟體的檢查:
To check the computer software for Loading and Stability calculation:
船上是否備有船籍協會核可的裝載與穩定度計算電腦軟體，並確認其計算結果與原始認證時的計算結果一致。
Whether the Class approved “Loading and Stability computer software” is available on board, and to confirm the calculation results are consistent with the original approved patterns.

3. 必須提供給船長的資訊缺失:
The deficiencies of information to be supplied to the master:

* 船體結構經過改裝或裝載容量變更後，裝載與穩定度手冊的資訊未同步更新。
Ship’s construction or loading capacity have been modified or changed, but the information of Loading and Stability Manual without up to date simultaneously.

* 裝載與穩定度電腦軟體的計算結果與原始範本不相符。
The results which calculated by Loading and Stability computer software are not consistent with the original approved patterns.

 

三、門及開口 Doors and openings (Regulation 12)

1. 門及開口的要求 The requirements of doors and openings:

* 封閉上層建築端壁上的門:
Access openings in bulkheads at ends of enclosed superstructures:
所有端壁上的出入口應裝設鋼質或其他相當材質的門，永久及牢固的附在艙壁上；該門應有肋板加強材使其強度應等同於未貫穿之艙壁，並在關閉時能保持風雨密。
All access openings in bulkheads at ends of enclosed superstructures shall be fitted with doors of steel or other equivalent material, permanently and strongly attached to the bulkhead, and framed, stiffened and fitted so that the whole structure is of equivalent strength to the un-pierced bulkhead and weathertight when closed.

* 保持這些門風雨密的裝置應由襯墊及鎖扣裝置或者其他相當的裝置所組成，並且必須永久附在艙壁或門上，這些門必須在艙壁兩邊都能進行操作。
The means for securing these doors weathertight shall consist of gaskets and clamping devices or other equivalent means and shall be permanently attached to the bulkhead or to the doors themselves, and the doors shall be so arranged that they can be operated from both sides of the bulkhead.

* 2003年修正案規定︰除經主管機關另行批准外，所有的門均應向外側開啟，如此在面對海浪衝擊時可提供額外的防護。
2003 amendment required: Unless otherwise permitted by the Administration, doors shall open outwards to provide additional security against the impact of the sea.

* 除另有其他規定外，封閉上層築端壁上出入口的門檻應高出甲板至少380公厘。
Except as otherwise provided in these regulations, the height of the sills of access openings in bulkheads at ends of enclosed superstructures shall be at least 380 mm above the deck.

* 機艙開口 Machinery space openings (Regulation 17)
在「位置1」和「位置2」的機艙開口應用鋼質艙殼有效地圍閉，對於沒有其他結構(建築物)保護的艙棚，其強度應特別加以考量；出入口的門檻，在「位置1」應至少高出甲板600公厘，在「位置2」，應至少高出甲板380公厘。
Machinery space openings in “position 1” or “position 2” shall be properly framed and efficiently enclosed by steel casings of ample strength, and where the casings are not protected by other structures their strength shall be specially considered. The sills of access openings which shall be at least 600 mm above the deck if in “position 1”, and at least 380 mm above the deck if in “position 2”.

2. 門及開口的檢查 The inspection of doors and openings:

* 風雨密門的檢查 To check weathertight doors:
檢查門檻、門框和門的變形、腐蝕情況，必要時可透過關門後縫隙透光程度來判斷門的變形情況。
To check deformation, corrosion condition of sills, doorframes and doors. If necessary, it can through with the method of to close the door then check if light transmission through the crack of the door to judge the deformation.

* 檢查門的鎖扣裝置是否有短少，是否活絡，襯墊有無老化、脫落，特別注意襯墊的邊槽容易鏽蝕。
To check door’s clamping devices whether it have missing or free movement, whether the gaskets are aging, fall off, please note that the rim of gaskets are tend to corrosion.

* 門檻高度的檢查 To check the height of sills:
對於門檻高度的檢查可結合「風雨密門、窗佈置圖」中列出的門檻高度，根據門所在的位置判斷是否符合公約的要求。
To check the height of sills, refer to the “weathertight doors & windows arrangement plan” it has listed out the height of sills, then according to the locations of doors to judge whether the sills are comply with the Convention’s requirement.

3. 門及開口的缺失 The deficiencies of doors and openings:

* 風雨密門門板、門框局部鏽穿、變形。
Weathertight doors panel, doorframes partially wasted and holed, deformation.

* 「位置1」門檻高度低於600公厘。
The height of sills at “position 1” are less than 600 mm.

 

四、通風筒 Ventilators (Regulation 13)

1. 通風筒的要求The requirements of ventilators:

* 通風筒在「位置1」或「位置2」通往乾舷甲板或封閉上層建築甲板以下處所的通風筒，應有鋼質或其他相當材料的圍板結構與甲板牢固的連接。
Ventilators in position 1 or 2 to spaces below freeboard deck or decks of enclosed superstructures shall have coamings of steel or other equivalent material, substantially constructed and efficiently connected to the deck.

* 在「位置1」的通風筒圍板高度應至少在甲板以上900公厘，在「位置2」則至少為760公厘。如果任何通風筒的圍板高度超過900公厘，則必須有專門的支撐板。
Ventilators in position 1 shall have coamings of a height of at least 900 mm above the deck; in position 2 the coamings shall be of a height at least 760 mm above the deck. Where the coaming of any ventilator exceeds 900 mm in height it shall be specially supported.

* 通風筒開口應有鋼質或其他相當材料的風雨密關閉設備，對長度不超過100公尺的船舶，該關閉設備應永久性附裝於通風筒上。對於其他船舶之關閉設備則應存放在通風筒附近之便利處。
Ventilator openings shall be provided with weathertight closing appliances of steel or other equivalent material. In ships of not more than 100 m in length the closing appliances shall be permanently attached; where not so provided in other ships, they shall be conveniently stowed near the ventilators to which they are to be fitted

* 當在「位置1」的通風筒圍板高出甲板以上4.5公尺，和「位置2」的通風筒圍板高出甲板以上2.3公尺時，一般情況下不需裝設關閉裝置。但還應考慮到通風筒所在處所的防火要求。
Ventilators in position 1 the coamings of which extend to more than 4.5 m above the deck, and in position 2 the coamings of which extend to more than 2.3 m above the deck, need not be fitted with closing arrangements, but the fire prevention shall be take into account at the location of ventilators.

2. 通風筒的檢查 The inspection of ventilators:

* 通風筒筒體的檢查 To check the entity of ventilators:
首先應檢視筒體的總體狀況是否鏽蝕嚴重或有臨時修補。特別應注意通風筒底部、法蘭連接處、接線盒以及銘牌等平時船員不易保養部位。
First, to view overall the condition of ventilators whether it have heavily corroded or temporary repaired. Pay attention to the bottom of ventilators, flange connection, joint box and nameplate etc. the places easy to ignore or hard to maintain by seafarers.

* 通風筒關閉裝置的檢查 To check the closing appliances:
首先判斷通風筒關閉裝置是否有短少，再檢查開關裝置是否靈活，如果蓋板鏽蝕嚴重時，還應對懷疑部位進行除鏽檢查(以檢驗鎚除去鏽蝕)，以確認是否鏽穿或變形。
First, to judge whether the closing devices were missing or not, then check the closing devices are free movement, if found the cover heavily corroded, a further de-rusting check (using test hammer remove the corrosion) to the doubt section is necessary to confirm whether it have wasted and holed or deformed.

* 其次還要檢查水密襯墊是否老化脫落，手輪是否靈活，是否有「開」、「關」標識。對於較高位置的通風筒開關裝置，附近應備有便操作開關裝置的工具。
Second, to check whether the watertight gaskets are aging or fall off, the valve wheels shall be free movement and with “open”, “close” marks. To those ventilators located on high position, in convenience of handling the closing devices, a handy tool shall be nearby.

* 通風筒高度和支撐件的檢查 To check ventilators coamings height and supports:
應注意「位置1」或「位置2」的通風筒高度是否符合公約要求。對於高度超過900公厘的通風筒檢查是否設定支撐件，支撐板是否嚴重鏽蝕。
Pay attention to confirm the coaming of ventilators height in “position 1” and “position 2” whether it comply with the Convention’s requirements. Where the coaming of any ventilator exceeds 900 mm in height it shall be specially supported and whether it have heavily corroded.

3. 通風筒的缺失 The deficiencies of ventilators:

* 通風筒筒體局部鏽穿 / 通風筒關閉裝置失效或短少。
Ventilators have partially wasted and holed / the closing appliances failed or missing.

 

五、艙口及艙蓋 Hatchways and hatch covers (Regulation 14-1)

1. 艙口及艙蓋的要求 The requirements of hatchways and hatch covers:

* 艙口圍板 Hatchway coamings:
應根據其位置具有堅實的構造，而且其甲板以上的高度應至少如下:
The coamings of hatchways shall be of substantial construction in accordance with their position, and their height above the deck shall be at least as follows:

(a) 如在位置1，則為600公厘；600 mm if in position 1.

(b) 如在位置2，則為450公厘。450 mm if in position 2.

* 對上層建築甲板以上各層甲板露天處所的艙口圍板，主管機關如認為在任何海況下，不致危害船舶安全者，其高度得適當縮減或完全免除。
For the hatchways exposed on each decks above superstructure deck, the height of these coamings may be reduced, or the coamings omitted entirely, on condition that the Administration is satisfied that the safety of the ship is not thereby impaired in any sea conditions.

* 艙蓋 Hatch covers: (Regulation 16)
艙蓋鎖緊裝置應能保持風雨密性，如果該裝置並非使用襯墊及鎖扣的話，其設計應能符合主管機關的要求。
Hatch covers securing arrangements shall maintain weathertightness. If the design is by other means than gaskets and clamping it shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.

2. 艙口及艙蓋的檢查 The inspection of hatchways and hatch covers:

* 艙口圍板的檢查 To check hatchway coamings:
艙口圍板長期遭受外力衝擊、甲板上浪衝擊及保養不良等原因，會導致艙口圍板出現鏽穿、開裂，使其無法保持風雨密性，將嚴重影響船舶安全。
Hatchway coamings are long-standing suffering external impact, shipping water impact and poor maintenance etc. to lead hatchway coamings wasted and holed, fractured resulting in unable to maintain weathertightness and serious impact the safety of the ship.

檢查時應著重查看焊在甲板上的加強材支撐板和轉角處有無過度腐蝕、開裂、變形，還應檢查艙口圍面板有無局部破損、開裂、脫焊的情況。
Pay attention to check strong bulwark stays attached to the deck and corners, whether it have over corroded, fractured, deformed, and to check the plate of hatchways, whether it have partial broken, fractured, desoldering condition.

* 艙口圍板高度的檢查 To check hatchway coamings: (Regulation 14-1)
艙口圍板的距離甲板的高度應至少如下:
The coamings of hatchways height above the deck shall be at least as follows:

(a) 如在位置1，則為600公厘；600 mm if in position 1.

(b) 如在位置2，則為450公厘。450 mm if in position 2.

* 貨艙口圍板其他部位的檢查 To check other parts of hatchway coamings:
應注意對艙口軌道檢查有無裂縫，艙蓋承壓墊片是否過度磨耗。
Pay attention to check whether the railway of hatchways have fractures, whether the hatch cover bearing pads have excessive worn.

* 艙蓋的檢查 To check hatch covers:
檢查時應注意是否鏽蝕超限、局部鏽穿、變形；橡膠襯墊是否有老化、短少等情況發生。應特別注意船首1/4船長內的艙蓋檢查。
Pay attention to check whether the corrosion depth have exceeded, partial wasted and holed, deformed, whether the rubber gaskets have aging, missing etc. Special attention should be paid to check the hatch covers from ship bow to 1/4 section of length.

* 艙蓋緊固裝置的檢查 To check hatch covers securing appliances:
緊固裝置一般設定於艙口蓋四周。主要用來將艙蓋與艙口圍板鎖緊，保證艙蓋水密性或風雨密性。緊固裝置因為海水腐蝕、保養不良、外力破壞等原因易造成損壞、短少、鏽死等情況。
The securing appliances are generally fitted around the hatch covers in order to secure the hatch covers and hatchways for ensuring watertightness or weathertightness. The securing appliances may damaging, missing or rusty stuck due to sea corrosion, poor maintenance and external force destruction etc.

3. 艙口及艙蓋的缺失 The deficiencies of hatchways and hatch covers:

* 艙蓋邊緣破損，水密襯墊老化或脫落。
Hatch covers rim worn out, watertight gaskets are aging or fall off.

* 艙蓋緊固裝置遺失 / 失效。
Hatch covers securing appliances are missing / failure.

* 貨艙肋骨及肋骨支撐板裂開、嚴重鏽蝕。
Cargo holds frames and stays fracture, corrosion heavily.

六、空氣管 Air pipes (Regulation 20)

1. 空氣管的要求 The requirements of air pipes:

* 「空氣管」的定義根據載重線公約規則20: 是指壓水艙或其它水艙延伸到乾舷或上層建築甲板的空氣管。
The definition of “air pipes” in the International Convention on Load Lines Regulation 20, it means where air pipes to ballast and other tanks extend above the freeboard or superstructure decks.

* 空氣管的高度要求並未按「位置1」和「位置2」區分，只是根據位在乾舷甲板或位在上層甲板做高度區分。從甲板到可能向下方進水的位置，在乾舷甲板上高度應至少為760公厘，在上層建築甲板上高度至少為450公厘。暴露部分應有堅固的結構。
The height of air pipes does not distinguish by “position 1” or “position 2”, it depends on the freeboard deck and on the superstructure deck. The height from the deck to the point where water may have access below shall be at least 760 mm on the freeboard deck and 450 mm on the superstructure deck. The exposed parts of the pipes shall be of substantial construction.

* 空氣管應具有永久附裝於管口的合適的關閉裝置保持風雨密。2003修正案則要求空氣管應裝設自動關閉裝置。
Air pipes closing device shall be permanent attached to the open end adequately to keep weathertight. The 2003 amendment request that air pipes shall be provided with automatic closing devices.

2. 空氣管的檢查 The inspection of air pipes:

* 空氣管浮子或浮球的檢查 To check air pipes’ bobber or float:
可使用工具確認浮子或浮球的鏽蝕、活絡情況，若發現異常，應打開管頭做進一步的檢查。
May use tool to verify bobber or float corrosion and free-moving condition, if any abnormal was found, it shall open the head for further inspection.

* 空氣管非自動關閉裝置的檢查 To check air pipes with non-automatic closing devices:
2003年修正案之前的公約要求空氣管應具有永久附裝於管口的適當關閉裝置。此類空氣管屬於非自動關閉，但手動關閉裝置應能達到風雨密之要求。檢查時需注意管口處的蓋板是否有襯墊，襯墊是否老化脫落，管口蓋板及緊固螺栓是否鏽死、短少。
Before the 2003 amendment, the Convention request air pipes closing device shall be permanent attached to the open end adequately to keep weathertight. This kind of air pipes be classified as non-automatic closing devices, the manual closing devices shall meet the requirement of weathertight. Pay attention to check whether the covers have watertight gaskets, whether the gaskets are aging or fall off, whether the security butterfly screws are rusty stuck or missing.

* 空氣管管體、管頭的檢查 To check the entity of air pipes, heads:
檢查時應重點觀察空氣管靠舷牆側、彎頭處與甲板連接處，以及管口等不易保養的地方，容易出現局部鏽穿、斷裂、缺口的情況。
Pay attention to observe air pipes on the bulkhead side, bend section and deck connection part, and the open end where difficult to maintain, it tend to partial wasted and holed, fracture or gap etc.

* 空氣管高度的檢查 To check the height of air pipes:
檢查空氣管高度是否符合公約要求。如果要求高度可能妨礙船上工作，應經主管機關核可該關閉裝置和其他周遭環境，可以用一個較低的高度。
To confirm whether the height of air pipes are comply with the Convention, Where these heights may interfere with the working of the ship, a lower height may be approved, provided that the Administration is satisfied that the closing arrangements and other circumstances justify a lower height.

3. 空氣管的缺失 The deficiencies of air pipes:

* 空氣管管體、管頭鏽穿。 Air pipes itself, heads wasted and holed.

* 空氣管浮球或浮子遺失 / 空氣管關閉裝置鏽蝕嚴重。
Air pipes bobber or float missing / air pipes closing devices heavily corroded.

 

載重線相關高度要求 Load line relevant height requirements:

Item	Position 1	Position 2
Bulkhead doors of super structure 上層建築艙閉門	380 mm	380 mm
Hatchway coaming 艙口圍板	600 mm	600 mm
Engine room opening & companionways 機艙開口	600 mm	380 mm
Ventilator 通風筒	900 mm	760 mm
Air pipe 空氣管	(Free board deck) 760 mm	(Super structure) 450 mm

 

七、排水孔、進水孔和卸水孔 Scuppers, inlets and discharges
(Regulation 22)

1. 排水孔、進水孔和卸水孔的要求 The requirements of scuppers, inlets and discharges:
(省略 omitted)

2. 排水孔、進水孔和卸水孔的檢查 The inspection of scuppers, inlets and discharges:

* 排水孔應保持清潔沒有異物堵塞，靠港及加油作業時，應隨時保持排水孔塞住以預防海洋污染。
Scuppers shall keep clean without clogged, during berthing or taking bunker operation, scuppers shall always be plugged to prevent marine pollution.

* 確認管路和閥件無過度鏽蝕蝕和損壞，操縱裝置靈活有效，開關指示正確。
To confirm pipes and valves without heavily corroded and damaged, the control devices are in good order and free movement, the open and close indicator are correct.

八、錨鏈筒和錨鏈艙 Spurling pipes and cable lockers (Regulation 22-2)

1. 錨鏈筒和錨鏈艙的要求 The requirements of spurling pipes and cable lockers:

* 2003年修正案增加了對錨鏈筒和錨鏈艙的要求。
2003 amendment (Resolution MSC.143(77)) had added the requirements of spurling pipes and cable lockers.

* 錨鏈筒和錨鏈艙向上至甲板暴露處應為水密。
Spurling pipes and cable lockers shall be watertight up to the deck exposed to weather.

* 如果設有出入口，則應用堅固的蓋板關閉並用間距緊密的螺栓緊固。
Where means of access are provided, they shall be closed by a substantial cover and secured by closely spaced bolts.

* 收放錨鏈的錨鏈筒應設置永久性連接的關閉裝置以盡量減少海水入侵。
Spurling pipes through which anchor cables are led shall be provided with permanently attached closing appliances to minimize water ingress.

2. 錨鏈筒和錨鏈艙的檢查 The inspection of spurling pipes and cable lockers:

* 錨鏈筒至艏樓甲板應保持水密。
Spurling pipes shall be watertight up to the forecastle deck.

* 檢查錨鏈棄鏈器處艙壁是否鏽蝕嚴重、有無變形、開口處的緊固螺栓是否短少，錨鏈筒、錨鏈艙有無局部鏽穿、破裂。
To check the bulkhead of anchor cable releaser, whether have heavily corrosion, deformation, whether the security butterfly screws on opening have missing, whether the spurling pipes and cable lockers have partially wasted and holed, fracture.

3. 錨鏈筒和錨鏈艙的缺失 The deficiencies of spurling pipes and cable lockers:

* 錨鏈筒開口沒有關閉裝置。
The opening of spurling pipes without closing appliances.

 

九、舷窗、窗和天窗 Side scuttles, windows and skylights (Regulation 23)

1. 舷窗、窗和天窗的要求 The requirements of side scuttles, windows and skylights:
(Omitted)

2. 舷窗、窗和天窗的檢查 The inspection of side scuttles, windows and skylights:

* 舷窗與窗的檢查 To check side scuttles and windows:
主要檢查舷窗和窗的風暴蓋能否有效關閉、緊固螺栓有無短少、是否活絡、襯墊是否脫落、玻璃窗是否破損、窗框局部有無存在鏽穿的現象。
Mainly check storm covers on side scuttles, windows whether be able to secure effectively, the security butterfly screws without missing and free movement, whether the gaskets are fall off, windows glass are broken, and windows frame have wasted and holed.

* 煙囪開口的檢查 To check funnel’s opening:
與機艙直接連通的煙囪開口需同時考慮風雨密和防火要求，煙囪開口之百葉窗須保持良好關閉功能，當百葉窗關閉時，從煙囪內部觀察應無法透光。
Funnel’s opening which connected with machinery space directly shall consider the requirements both of weathertight and fire prevention, the window-shades (fire-dampers) shall be closed in good order, when closed, observing from internal of funnel shall not have light transmission through the crack of the window-shades.

* 機艙天窗的檢查 To check skylights at machinery space:
檢查機艙天窗圍板和有無局部鏽穿、變形，緊固螺栓是否活絡、齊全，水密襯墊是否有老化、破損、脫落，天窗關閉裝置是否能操作正常。
To check machinery space skylights coaming, whether it have partial wasted and holed, deformation, whether the security butterfly screws are free movement and complete, whether the watertight gaskets are aging, broken, fall off, whether the closing device is in good order.

3. 舷窗、窗和天窗的典型缺失 Typical deficiencies of side scuttles, windows and skylights:

* 舷窗風暴蓋緊固螺栓短少，窗邊框局部鏽穿。
The security butterfly screws on storm cover of side scuttles are missing，the frame of side scuttles are partially wasted and holed.

 

 

十、欄杆或舷牆 Guard rails or bulwarks (Regulation 25)

1. 欄杆或舷牆的要求:
The requirements of guard rails or bulwarks: (Protection of the crew)

* 在所有露天甲板四周應裝設欄杆或舷牆。舷牆或欄杆的高度應至少高出甲板一公尺，當此高度妨礙船舶正常工作時，可准許採用較小的高度，但所提供的適當防護措施應使主管機關滿意。
Guard rails or bulwarks shall be fitted around all exposed decks. The height of the bulwarks or guard rails shall be at least 1 m from the deck, provided that where this height would interfere with the normal operation of the ship, a lesser height may be approved, if the Administration is satisfied that adequate protection is provided.

* 裝設在上層建築和乾舷甲板的欄杆應至少有三檔。欄杆最低一檔的間距應不超過230公厘，其他各檔的間距應不超過380公厘。如船舶設有圓弧形舷緣，則欄杆支座應置於甲板的平坦部位。在其他位置上，欄杆應至少有二檔。(如下圖所示)
Guard rails fitted on superstructure and freeboard decks shall have at least three courses. The opening below the lowest course of the guard rails shall not exceed 230 mm. The other courses shall be not more than 380 mm apart. In the case of ships with rounded gunwales the guard rail supports shall be placed on the flat of the deck. In other locations, guardrails with at least two courses shall be fitted. Guard rails shall comply with the following illustration: (as shown below figure)

 

* 固定式、移動式或鉸鏈式支柱應相隔約1.5公尺裝設。移動式或鉸鏈式支柱應能直立固定。
Fixed, removable or hinged stanchions shall be fitted about 1.5 m apart. Removable or hinged stanchions shall be capable of being locked in the upright position;

* 至少每隔3個支柱應架設托架或支撐。
At least every third stanchion shall be supported by a bracket or stay;

* 任何船舶裝載在甲板上的貨物，應使位於貨物堆裝中的任何開口和進出船員住所的通道、機艙和用於船上重要操作的所有其他部位，均能正常關閉和緊固以防止進水。
Deck cargo carried on any ship shall be so stowed that any opening which is in way of the cargo and which gives access to and from the crew’s quarters, the machinery space and all other parts used in the essential operation of the ship can be closed and secured against water ingress.

1.1 船員安全通道的要求The requirements of safe passage of crew: (Regulation 25-1)

* 位於主甲板以下的通道(帶有無障礙開口，至少0.8公尺寬、2公尺高)，需有良好照明及通風，並且盡可能接近且連接乾舷甲板，並可從乾舷甲板進入。
A well lighted and ventilated under-deck passageway (with a clear opening of at least 0.8 m wide and 2 m high), as close as practicable to the freeboard deck, connecting and providing access to the locations in question.

* 乾舷甲板上必須設置永久性通道，其寬度不得少於0.6公尺，走道兩邊須有欄杆保護，欄杆支柱的間隔不得超過3公尺，B型船(非油輪)的貨艙圍板高度不少於0.6公尺者，可視為通道護欄的一邊，兩個艙口之間須設有兩排護欄。
A permanent walkway at least 0.6 m in width, fitted at freeboard deck level and consisting of two rows of guard rails with stanchions spaced not more than 3 m. On type 'B' ships (non-tank vessel), hatchway coamings not less than 0.6 m in height may be accepted as forming one side of the walkway, provided that two rows of guard rails are fitted between the hatchways.

* 如使用鋼索作為安全索者，其直徑不得少於10公厘，固定支柱間距不得超過10公尺。
If using a wire rope as lifeline, the diameter shall not less than 10 mm, supported by stanchions not more than 10 m apart.

2. 欄杆或舷牆的檢查 The inspection of guard rails or bulwarks:

* 檢查救生艇 / 筏，釋放 / 登艇開口是否有使用鋼索或鏈條代替欄杆，鋼索或鏈條是否保持適當的拉緊，是否僅裝設一條索具。
To check life boats / rafts, whether the launching / embarkation opening have wire ropes or chains fitted, whether the wire ropes or chains keep in tight adequately, whether it have only one course of wire rope or chain.

* 檢查欄杆根部是否鏽蝕斷裂，有無嚴重變形。
To check the root of stanchions, whether it have heavily corroded or fracture, whether it have heavily deformed.

* 檢查欄杆高度、橫檔高度及數量是否符合要求，每隔三根支柱是否設定了托架或支撐。
To check the height of the guard rails or bulwarks are comply with the requirement, every third stanchion supported by a bracket or stay.

* 檢查舷牆支撐板鏽蝕情況，是否與甲板脫焊，舷牆面板有無鏽穿。
To check bulwarks stay corrosion condition, whether it have desoldering from deck, whether the plate of bulwarks are wasted and holed.

* 檢查位於主甲板以下的通道是否有良好照明及通風。
To check the under-deck passageway whether have well lighted and ventilated.

3. 欄杆或舷牆的缺失 The deficiencies of guard rails of bulwarks:

* 救生艇 / 筏，釋放 / 登艇開口鋼索或鏈條遺失或僅裝設一條索具。
The launching / embarkation opening for life boats / rafts have no wire ropes or chains fitted, or it have only one course of wire rope or chain.

* 主甲板以下的通道照明燈泡不亮，通風筒損壞或鏽穿。
The under-deck passageway light bulbs unlit, ventilators failure or wasted and holed.

* 作為安全索之鋼索直徑少於10公厘，鋼索未否保持適當拉緊，嚴重鏽蝕、斷裂或以其他材質繩索取代，固定支架間距超過10公尺。
The diameter for a wire rope as lifeline less than 10 mm, the wire ropes not keep in tight adequately, heavily corroded, broken or substituted by other material of ropes, the support stanchions more than 10 m apart.

* 欄杆最底下一檔遺失 / 舷牆支撐板鏽穿或開裂。
The lowest course of the guard rails were missing / the bulwarks stay wasted and holed, fractured.

載重線公約可導致滯留的缺失:
Detainable deficiencies from Load ling Convention:

根據最新港口國管制程序IMO Res.A.1119 (30)，船舶出現以下缺失，可能會導致扣船!
According to the latest port state control procedures IMO Res.A.1119 (30), the below deficiencies may cause detention!

1. 與甲板及船體強度有關的鋼板有著大面積的損壞或鏽蝕，或凹陷，足以影響海值或局部負荷強度，除非已經過適當授權，允須該航次作暫時性修理，直到適當港口作永久性修復者。
Significant areas of damage or corrosion, or pitting of plating and associated stiffening in decks and hull affecting seaworthiness or strength to take local loads, unless properly authorized temporary repairs for a voyage to a port for permanent repairs have been carried out.

2. 確認有穩定性不足的情況。A recognized case of insufficient stability.

3. 缺乏足夠且可靠的資訊，經由認可的表格，讓船長得以快速且簡便的安排裝載及壓艙，使船舶在行程中能在任何情況下保持足夠的穩定度，並且必避免產生任何對船體結構無法承受的應力。
The absence of sufficient and reliable information, in an approved form, which by rapid and simple means enables the master to arrange for the loading and ballasting of the ship in such a way that a safe margin of stability is maintained at all stages and at varying conditions of the voyage, and that the creation of any unacceptable stresses in the ship's structure is avoided.

4. 艙口關閉設施及水密 / 風雨密門關閉裝置有短少，重大瑕疵或缺陷者。
Absence, substantial deterioration or defective closing devices, hatch closing arrangements and watertight/weathertight doors.

5. 超載。Overloading.

6. 吃水線及 / 或載重線標誌消失或無法判讀者。
Absence of, or impossibility to read, draught marks and / or Load Line marks.

 

參考資料 Reference material:

1. http://www.shipmg.com/html/461.html

2. http://www.shipmg.com/html/468.html

3. http://www.shipmg.com/html/489.html

4. A.1119(30) Procedures for PSC 2017

5. Resolution MSC.143(77)

6. Load line Convention consolidated edition 2018

7. http://indianmarineengineers.blogspot.com/2019/02/multiple-load-line.html