船上操演與演習指導書

Guideline for shipboard drills and exercises
船上操演與演習指導書

尚作仁船長 編撰 Composed by Captain David Shang

1. Statutory requirement drills items
法定操演項目

SOLAS 1974 Convention required that every crewmember shall participate in at least one abandon ship drill and one fire drill every month. The drills of the crew shall take place within 24h of the ship leaving a port if more than 25% of the crew have not participated in abandon ship and fire drills on board that particular ship in the previous month. (SOLAS/1974 Chapter III Reg.19 3.2)
SOLAS 1974公約要求，每一名船員至少每一個月必須參加一次棄船操演及一次救火操演。如果船上船員從上個月操演過後更換了超過25%的人員，則必須在出港後24小時內舉行一次棄船及滅火操演。

(1) Abandon ship drill (monthly)
棄船操演(每月一次)

(2) Fire drill (monthly)
救火操演(每月一次)

(3) Lifeboat launched (every 3 months)
救生艇下水(每三個月一次)

 

2. Guidance for shipboard drills and training programme
船上操演與訓練計畫指導

(1) Introduction
序言

It is essential that seafarers are familiar with the life-saving systems on board their ships and that they have confidence that the systems provided for their safety will work and will be effective in an emergency. Frequent periodic shipboard drills are necessary to achieve this.
船員熟悉船上的救生設備是非常重要的事，這可以讓船員確認船上的設備將有效的保障他們的安全，同時在緊急的時候能夠發揮作用。因此，有必要經常性的定期操演以達到上述的要求。

Crew training is an important component of drills. As a supplement to initial shore side training, on board training will familiarise crew members with the ship systems and the associated procedures for use, operation and drills. On these occasions, the objective is to develop appropriate crew competencies, enabling effective and safe utilization of the equipment required by the 1974 SOLAS Convention. The time limits set out in SOLAS for ship abandonment should be considered as a secondary objective when conducting drills.
船員訓練是操演中重要的一環，並可視為岸上初始訓練的後續複習，船上的訓練將使船員熟悉船上的救生設備及相關的使用、操作及操演程序。訓練的目的是為了提升船員的應變能力，能有效且安全的操作救生設備，以符合SOLAS 1974公約的要求。在實施棄船操演時，如何能符合SOLAS1974公約對於棄船部署的時限要求，則應列為操演的第二階段目標。

(2) Drill frequency
操演次數

Experience has shown that holding frequent drills furthers the goals of making the crew familiar with the life-saving systems on board their ships and increasing their confidence that the systems will work and will be effective in an emergency. Drills give the crew opportunity to gain experience in the use of the safety equipment and in co-operation the ability to cope with an emergency and handle the situation, if the ship needs to be abandoned, needs to be well rehearsed. However, frequent crew changes sometimes make it difficult to assure that all on board have had the opportunity to participate in drills if only the minimum required drills are conducted. Therefore, consideration needs to be given to scheduling drills as necessary to ensure all on board have an early opportunity to become familiar with the systems on board.
經驗告訴我們，經常性的操演將更能讓船員熟悉船上的救生設備，並讓船員有信心在船上發生緊急情況時，這些設備可以有效的運作。透過操演，可以讓船員有機會藉實際操作的機會獲得救生設備的操作經驗，並且透過充分的排練提升船員間協調合作的能力。以備萬一必須棄船時，船員有能力應付並處理這樣的緊急狀況。然而，若僅賴公約最低要求標準實施操演的話，由於船上船員會經常性的更替，將很難確保船上每一個人都有機會參與操演。因此船上操演計畫的安排必須考量此一因素，盡量務使新進船員能盡快熟悉船上的救生設備。

(3) Drills must be safe
操演必須安全

Abandon ship drills should be planned, organized and performed so that the recognized risks are minimized and in accordance with relevant shipboard requirements of occupational safety and health.
在實施棄船操演前必須詳加計畫、編組及執行，使可能發生的風險減至最低，以符合船上相關安全操作的要求。

Drills provide an opportunity to verify that the life-saving system is working and that all associated equipment is in place and in good working order, ready for use.
藉由操演的機會，可以驗證救生設備及其周邊設備是處於隨時可用的良好狀態。

Before conducting drills, it should be checked that the lifeboat and its safety equipment have been maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, as well as noting all the precautionary measures necessary. Abnormal conditions of wear and tear or corrosion should be reported to the Chief Officer immediately.
在操演前，必須先檢查確認救生艇及其安全裝備已經根據製造商的指示做過適當的保養，同時所有必要的安全預防措施皆已注意。若發現有任何不正常的磨損及撕裂或腐蝕情況，應立即報告大副。

(4) Emphasis on learning
強調學習

Drills should be conducted with an emphasis on learning and be viewed as a learning experience, not just a task to meet a regulatory requirement to conduct drills. Whether they are emergency drills required by SOLAS or additional special drills conducted to enhance the competence of the crew members, they should be carried out at safe speed. During drills, care should be taken to ensure that everybody familiarizes themselves with their duties and with the equipment. If necessary, pauses should be made during the drills to explain especially difficult elements. The experience of the crew is an important factor in determining how fast a drill or certain drill elements should be carried out.
操演實施的重點應在於教育訓練及學習操作經驗，而不應僅是為了應付公約要求而草率敷衍。不論是SOLAS公約所要求的緊急操演或是為了增進船員應變能力的額外操演，都應該以安全的速率進行，在操演時，應確保每一位船員都能熟悉他們的任務編組與裝備。必要時可暫停操演，以便深入解釋比較困難的部份。船員的熟悉度在操演的速度上或者有限定時間的操演中，將是一個重要的決定因素。

3.  Planning and organizing drills
操演計畫與編組

(1) The 1974 SOLAS Convention requires that drills shall, as far as practicable, be conducted as if there was an actual emergency (refer to SOLAS Chapter III/19.3.1). This means that the entire drill should, as far as possible, be carried out. The point is that, at the same time, it should be ensured that the drill can be carried out in such a way that it is safe in every respect. Consequently, elements of the drill that may involve unnecessary risks need special attention or may be excluded from the drill.
SOLAS 1974公約要求操演必須盡量實際可行並符合實際的緊急狀況(SOLAS 第三章/19.3.1)。意指整個操演的過程必須盡量符合真實狀況，而且重點是在操演時必須確保在各方面都能符合安全的要求。因此，在操演的過程中任何不必要的風險都必須特別注意或者應加以排除。

(2) In preparing for a drill, The Master should review the “Life-saving Training manual” to assure that a planned drill is conducted properly. Those responsible for the drill should assure that the crew is familiar with the guidance provided in the “Life-saving Training manual”.
在操演的準備過程中，船長必須先複習「救生訓練手冊」的相關內容，以確保操演能正確的實施，也確保船員能熟悉「救生訓練手冊」所提供的指導內容。

(3) Lessons learned in the course of a drill should be documented and made a part of follow-up shipboard training discussions and planning the next drill session.
每一次操演科目的學習成果都必須文件化，並且作為船上教育訓練的後續研討內容，以及計畫下一次訓練的參考。

(4) The lowering of a boat with its full complement of persons is an example of an element of a drill that may, depending on the circumstances, involve an unnecessary risk. Such drills should only be carried out if special precautions are observed.
以小艇承載定額人數下水的操演為例，必須根據當前的環境及所涉及的非必要風險作為考量的依據，這類的操演只能在經過仔細評估並且作好一切安全預防措施後才可實施。

4. The risk prevention for drills
操演風險預防

(1) Detailed procedures for elements of drills that involve a special risk should be evident from workplace assessments adjusted to the relevant life-saving appliance.
操演的詳細過程如果有涉及特別危險的地方，應該對相關的救生設備作現場評估後明顯的標示出來。

(2) On Accidents with lifeboats, the following causes of accidents, to which special attention should be paid on board:
有關救生艇的意外事件，下列造成意外的原因船上應該特別注意：

a.  failure of on-load release mechanism;
負載釋放裝置失靈

b. inadvertent operation of on-load release mechanism;
不當操作負載釋放裝置

c. inadequate maintenance of lifeboats, davits and launching equipment;
救生艇、吊架及施放設備保養不良

d. communication failure;
溝通失誤

e. lack of familiarity with lifeboats, davits, equipment and associated controls;
對於救生艇、吊架、設備及其控制裝置不熟悉

f.  unsafe practices during lifeboat drills and inspections;
在救生艇操演及檢查時沒有遵守安全程序

(3) During drills, the Master should be alert for conditions and situations stemming from the above items and should bring them to the attention of the responsible person for appropriate action. Feedback and improvement recommendations to the company are important elements of the safety management system.
在操演時，船長必須留意會發生上述各種意外的狀況，並要求負責人員注意採取適當的措施。向公司回報訓練成果及改進建議是在安全管理系統中非常重要的一環。

(4) Before placing persons onboard a lifeboat, the boat should first be lowered and recovered without persons on board to ascertain that the arrangement functions correctly. The boat should then be lowered into the water with only the number of persons on board necessary to operate the boat.
在派人登上救生艇前，救生艇必須在無人的狀態下先行鬆放再收回，以確認小艇吊架功能正常。然後僅派必要的操作人員登上小艇將救生艇降至水面。

(5) To prevent lashings or gripes from getting entangled, proper release should be checked before swinging out the davit.
為防止小艇繫固索具纏繞艇身，在小艇吊放前必須檢查所有的繫固索具皆已清爽無礙。

5. Boat Drill requirements:
小艇操演要求

(1) Preparation for the launching of lifeboats and other life saving appliances, ensuring that the equipment required to be carried in these appliances is in place and properly stowed, the drilling of the crew in their duties and where inflatable life rafts are carried, special instructions in the use of the rafts;
當準備施放救生艇及其他救生裝備時，必須確認所有器材裝備都已就位及適當的設置，參與操演的船員均已各就各位，若包括充氣式救生筏施放操演時，應特別說明救生筏的使用方法。

(2) Where the drill is held in port, the launching of seaside lifeboat shall be lowered into the water at intervals of not more than three months, and, where the drill is held at sea, the clearing and swinging out of one or more of the lifeboats so that every boat carried in a ship shall be swung out at intervals of not more than one month;
在港內操演時，施放海側邊救生艇下水的間隔日期應不超過三個月。當在海上進行操演時，每一舷的小艇鬆放至舷邊的間隔日期應不超過一個月。

(3) The examination and testing at every drill of the propulsion gear and the checking of the fuel supply in the motor lifeboats; emergency power system and all connections thereto.
每次操演都應檢查並測試推進離合器、燃油供應、緊急照明系統及所有的連動裝置等。

6.  Fire Drill requirements:
救火操演要求

(1) During fire drill, each member of the crew shall report at his emergency station and shall be drilled in his duties; the engine room team members shall be exercised in their special duties in case of fire, putting the fire pumps into operation, cutting the ventilation and fuel supply, controlling the power supply etc. and manning the Fire control room allotted to them for the purpose of releasing the CO2 extinguishing system as required.
在救火操演時，每一名船員都應前往指定的集合點報到並按照指派任務操演，機艙組人員應操演啟動緊急救火泵、切斷通風及燃油供應、控制電源供應等，如有需要應前往Fire control room負責施放二氧化碳滅火系統。

(2) At all fire drills the fire hose shall be run out and examined and a proportion of the hose tested by water pressure to ensure that every hose shall be under pressure; fog nozzles and other spray equipment shall be tested and the crew instructed in their use.
在滅火操演中，所有的救火皮龍應該分批接受水壓測試並檢查是否有破損，以確保所有的皮龍皆處於良好狀態﹔水霧噴頭及其他噴灑設備都應測試並指導船員使用方法。

(3) Where the fire doors, ventilating shafts or oil fuel valves from remote control are required to be closed during a fire, the members of the crew assigned to such duties shall practise the necessary operations and steps shall be taken to ensure that all officers are familiarised with them.
當發生火災時，必須遙控關閉的防火門、通風設備或燃油閥等，負責此項任務的船員應練習操作步驟，所有甲級船員也都必須熟悉如何操作。

(4) Fire extinguishers shall be checked and at each drill; the crew shall be instructed in the handling of the types of extinguishers carried on the ship.
每次操演時都必須檢查滅火器，船員應接受指導學習使用船上所配備的滅火器。

(5) Fireman outfit and breathing apparatus shall be examined and members of the crew instructed and drilled in their use.
救火衣及呼吸器設備必須檢查，船員應接受指導學習使用並練習穿戴。

(6) At each fire drill the following shall be tested to ensure that they are in good working order:
在每次滅火操演時，下列項目必須測試以確認處於良好狀態：

a. sprinkler systems;
自動灑水系統

b. fire alarm systems;
火災警報系統

c. all electric appliances comprising parts of systems specified in paragraphs (1) and (2); and
有關上述兩項設備的相關電氣設備。

d. all general alarm bells and klaxons.
所有的通用警報器及警笛

(7) Where possible, boat and fire drills shall be carried out simultaneously and the drills shall be so arranged that a proportion of the crew is assigned to boat stations at the time fire drills are practised.
如有可能，小艇及滅火操演應同時舉行，操演情節應安排當進行滅火操演時，有部份船員被指派前往備便救生艇。

7. Examination of Equipment
裝備檢查

(1) On every occasion on which boat and fire drills are held, the Chief Officer shall require an examination to be made of all equipment used in such drills and also of the equipment carried in or on life saving appliances to ensure that the condition of all such equipment has not deteriorated since the certificate of inspection in respect thereof was issued, and where any equipment is found to be deficient or damaged it shall be renewed or repaired.
在每次實施小艇或滅火操演時，大副應該要求檢查所有操演使用的裝備，包括用於救生設備的器材，以確認所有裝備狀況從上一次安全設備證書年檢迄今，並沒有發生劣化的情況，若發現任何裝備有瑕疵或損壞的現象，應予以換新或修復。

(2) Lifejackets, lifebuoys, line-throwing appliances and distress signals shall be examined to ascertain their condition and the manner in which they are stowed and any deficiency or improper stowage shall be corrected.
救生衣、救生圈、拋繩器及求救信號等應定期檢查，以確認沒有短少並處於良好狀態，如發現任何缺失或不當存放現象應加以改正。

(3) All fire extinguishers that are discharged during a drill shall immediately thereafter be recharged.
任何在操演時施放的滅火器應在操演過後隨即填充。

(4) All equipment shall be returned to its proper location on completion of the examination and checked with the list of equipment on board.
所有的裝備在檢查完畢後都應歸位。

8. Watertight Doors
水密門

(1) Where watertight doors, side scuttles or any other appliances that would require to be operated in case of emergency are fitted, such appliances shall be operated at each boat and fire drill.
若在緊急情況下必須作動的水密門、舷邊開口或任何其他裝置，在小艇及滅火操演時必須包括這類設備的操作練習。

(2) Nothing in this section shall be taken to authorise the opening of any watertight door or other appliance that is required by the provisions of any regulation to be kept closed.
若任何條款規定必須保持關閉的水密門或其他裝置，本章節並不解除上述限制。

9. Muster List and Emergency Procedure
召集表及緊急措施

(1) Emergency muster lists in both official and working languages shall be posted on all ships.
緊急召集表應使用官方及工作語言並張貼在船上各重要處所。

(2) The muster list and emergency procedure shall be as follows:
召集表及緊急措施應包括下列內容：

a. special duties to be undertaken in the event of an emergency shall be allotted to each member of the crew;
必須列出每一名船員在緊急情況下所負責的特別任務。

b. the muster list shall show all these special duties and shall indicate, in particular, the station to which each member must go, and the duties that he has to perform;
召集表必須分別顯示出所有的特別職責、每一名船員必須報到的召集點及他們所負責的任務。

c. the muster list shall be drawn up before the ship sails and shall be dated and signed by the master; copies shall be posted in the crew's quarters and in other conspicuous parts of the ship; and
召集表必須在開航前製作完成並由船長簽署且附上日期，副本必須張貼於船員住艙及船上其他顯著場所。

d. the muster list shall assign duties to the different members of the crew in connection with
召集表上分配給每一個人的任務應包括與下列有關的項目：

i. the closing of various doors and mechanisms, including watertight doors, scuttles, valves,
各種門及機械設備的關閉，包括水密門、艙口蓋(天窗)、閥等。

ii. the equipping of the lifeboats and buoyant apparatus including the provision of portable radio apparatus,
救生艇配備及浮力裝置，包括手提式無線電裝備。

iii. the launching of lifeboats attached to davits,
小艇施放

iv. the general preparation of buoyant apparatus, inflatable life rafts and all other matters,
浮力裝置的一般準備工作，充氣式救生筏及其他事項。

v. the extinction of fire, including the closing of fire doors, testing of sprinklers and alarms and all other matters.
滅火行動，包括關閉防火門、測試灑水及警報系統以及其他所有的事務。

e. The muster list shall specify definite signals for calling all members of the crew to their boat and fire stations and shall give full particulars of these signals.
召集表必須明確訂定火災警報及棄船警報的信號。

f. In preparing the muster list care shall be taken that certificated lifeboat men are assigned to each lifeboat as required by the Life Saving Equipment Regulations, and these certificated lifeboat men shall be assigned to specific duties in the preparation for launching of the lifeboats.
在製作召集表時，必須注意根據LSA Code規定的救生艇法定乘載人數，並且這些小艇組員必須賦以施放救生艇的個別職責。

10. Marine Accident Simulation Exercises
海難意外模擬演習

(1) Company should set up the marine accident simulation exercises plan annually and the Designated Person must direct the emergency response for simulated marine accident. This simulated marine accident exercise should include the mobilisation of all relevant ship and shore based organisations.
公司每年應制定海難意外模擬演習計畫，在模擬海難演習中，安全管理指定負責人(DP)必須指揮緊急應變措施。海難意外模擬演習應該包括動員所有船、岸間各有關單位。

(2) Upon completed the marine accident simulation exercise. The Company must comment and evaluate the drilling performance to improve the emergency response ability both onboard the ship and company.
在海難模擬演習結束後，公司應對演習表現給予評論並評估操演成果，以增進船上及公司間的緊急應變能力。