進入密閉或有限空間之安全作業程序

進入密閉或有限空間之安全作業程序
Entering Enclosed or Confined Spaces Safe Work Procedure

尚作仁船長 編撰 By Captain David Shang

1.         目地：
Purpose:

建立進入密閉或有限空間之必要安全措施。
To establish control measures for entry into enclosed or confined spaces.

 

2.         權責人員：
Personnel with authority and responsibility:

指定之合格人員(大副或大管)以及所有船員。
Designated Competent Personnel (C/O or 2/E) and crew.

 

3.         適用範圍：
Area of Application:

船上任何密閉或有限空間。
Any enclosed or confined spaces on board.

 

4.         安全作業原則：
The principle of safe work procedures:

(1)       任何密閉或有限空間的空氣應被視為有潛在危險。
The atmosphere of any enclosed or confined space is potentially dangerous.

(2)       大副或大管作為指定之｢合格負責人」，應作風險評估並監督作業進行。
The C/O or 2/E as a Competent Person (CP) should assess the space and take charge of the operation.

(3)       未佩戴呼吸器進入存在潛在危險的區域之前，應完成下列安全檢查，以確保該區域安全可供進入，並且在人員停留期間始終保持安全:
The necessary precautions should be taken before entering any potentially hazardous space to ensure it is safe for entry without breathing apparatus and remains safe while people are inside.

a.    應鑑定出潛在的危險。
To identify the potential hazards.

b.    應根據潛在危險作好適當的安全措施與準備。
As per identified potential hazards to make proper countermeasures and preparations.

c.    密閉或有限空間的氣體應加以測試，包括含氧量、有毒或爆炸性氣體。
The atmosphere of the enclosed or confined spaces should be checked, which include oxygen content, toxic or flammable gases.

(4)       要使用「工作許可」機制。
A “permit-to-work” system should be implemented.

(5)       應制定進入前及進入時的安全程序與安排。
To set up the procedures and arrangements before and during entry.

(6)       如果確定或懷疑密閉或有限空間的空氣可能不安全，要增加使用呼吸器程序。
Additional requirements (Breathing Apparatus) for entry into a space where the atmosphere is suspect or known to be unsafe.

(7)       在未確認自身安全的情況下，絕對禁止進入密閉或有限空間實施救人行動。
No one should entry any dangerous space to attempt a rescue without taking suitable precautions for his own safety.

 

5.         進入前的準備與安全措施:
Preparing and securing the space for entry:

(1)       當要打開有潛在危險空間的入口時，應小心可能會湧出蒸發氣體或瓦斯，甚至是高壓的蒸發氣體或瓦斯。
When opening the entrance to a potentially dangerous space, precautions should be taken in case pressurised or unpressurised vapour or gases are released from the space.

(2)       應將通過該艙間的管路隔絕或封死，以避免任何危險物質進入該艙間，接著應將閥門關閉並掛上告示牌不得將閥門打開，同時也應在有關的控制器上張貼告示，並將這些措施知會當值人員。
Piping through the compartment should be isolated or sealed to prevent any hazardous substances from entering the compartment. Then, the valves should be closed and a sign should be posted prohibiting the valves from being opened. At the same time, a notice should be posted on the relevant controllers and these measures should be communicated to the personnel on duty.

(3)       如有需要，應將艙內散發氣體的所有淤泥或其他殘渣清理乾淨，但這樣做時也可能會釋出氣體，因此必須小心預防。
If necessary, all silt or other residue that emits gas in the cabin should be cleaned up, but doing so may also release gas, so care must be taken to prevent this.

(4)       該空間必須以自然或機械方法徹底通風，然後作氣體測試，以確保所有有害氣體已經清除掉，所有角落的空氣含氧量均足夠。
The space should be thoroughly ventilated either by natural or mechanical means and then tested to ensure that all harmful gases are removed and no pockets of oxygen deficient atmosphere remain.

(5)       進入危險區域時，附近泵作業或貨物裝卸作業應暫時停止。
When entering a hazardous area, nearby pumping or cargo loading/unloading operations should be temporarily suspended.

(6)       實施本作業時，要有足夠的照明，未經核准，應避免任何火源。
Sufficient lighting must be provided when carrying out this work, and any source of ignition should be avoided without authorization.

(7)       應將救援裝備準備妥當，並設定好聯絡方法。
Rescue equipment should be prepared, and communication methods should be set up.

 

6.         運用「風險控管」機制
Use of “Risks control” system

(1)       在進入密閉空間之前必須計劃周詳，並且必須採用「工作許可」制度控管。
Careful planning is required before entering a confined space, and a “work permit” system must be used for control.

(2)       只有在安全作業程序完善的場合，能兼顧到「工作許可」的安全要求，且密閉空間的風險較低時，可允許使用「安全檢查表」代替「工作許可」。
The "safety checklist" may replace the "work permit" only if the safety procedures are robust, all safety requirements of the "work permit" are met, and the enclosed space poses a low risk.

 

7.         進入前的程序與安排:
Procedures and arrangements before entry:

(1)        前往該空間的通道及空間內必須要有充足的照明。
Access to and within the space should be adequate and well illuminated.

(2)        未經船長或負責人員確認空間安全前，嚴禁攜帶或引入任何火種進入該區域。
No source of ignition shall be taken into or introduced to the space unless the master or Responsible Officer has determined it is safe to do so.

(3)        不論在任何情況下，均須將救援設備及活動擔架放置在現場入口處。救援設備是指呼吸器連同備用空氣瓶、安全索及救援吊帶，也包括可在易燃空氣中使用的手電筒或照明燈。如有必要，還須配備將體力不支人員吊離現場的器材。
Under all circumstances, rescue equipment and mobile stretchers must be placed at the site entrance. Rescue equipment includes breath apparatus together with fully charged spare cylinders of air, lines and rescue harnesses, and torches or lamp approved for use in a flammable atmosphere, If necessary, equipment for hoisting physically exhausted personnel off the site must also be provided.

(4)        進入空間內的船員數目，只限於真正需要在該空間內工作的人員。若有需要，工作人員應繫上救援吊帶，以便發生意外時可作拯救用。
The number of personnel entering the space should be limited to those who actually need to work in the space. When necessary a rescue harness should be worn to facilitate recovery in the event of an accident.

(5)        當有人在空間內工作時，必須至少有一名船員駐守在空間入口外。
At least one attendant should be detailed to remain at the entrance to the space whilst it is occupied.

(6)        進入空間的人員與駐守在入口外的人員與當值船副，均應商定一套通訊方法，且已試用為可行。
An agreed and tested system of communication should be established between any person entering the space and the attendant at the entrance, and the officer on watch.

(7)        在可以進入空間之前，必須確認救援人員能戴上呼吸器進內。若在空間內使用呼吸器、安全索或救援吊帶會妨礙行動，或令救出體力不支人員的行動出現困難，就應詳加考慮，並將任何風險降至最低。
Before entry is permitted it should be established that entry with breathing apparatus is possible. Any difficulty of movement within any part of the space, or any problems if any incapacitated person had to be removed from the space, as a result of breathing apparatus or lifelines or rescue harnesses being used, should be considered and any risks minimised.

(8)        救援吊帶上的安全索，長度應足以配合用途，而且穩固綁在救援吊帶上，但若與穿戴者糾結時，必須能容易解開。
Lifelines should be long enough for the purpose and capable of being firmly attached to the harness, but the wearer should be able to detach them easily should they become tangled.

 

8.         進入空間的程序與安排:
Procedures and arrangements during entry:

(1)        當有人在密閉空間內以及小休期間，空間內必須持續保持通風。若通風系統失靈，空間內的船員必須全部撤離。
Ventilation should continue during the period that the space is occupied and during temporary breaks. In the event of a failure of the ventilation system any personnel in the space should leave immediately.

(2)        當有人在密閉空間內必須定時測試空氣。如果情況轉壞，必須通知內部的船員離開。
The atmosphere should be tested periodically whilst the space is occupied and personnel should be instructed to leave the space should there be any deterioration of the conditions.

(3)        若有事前未能預見的困難或危險發生，密閉空間必須停工並將內部的船員疏散，以便重新評估狀況。原先發出的許可證必須取消，並且待重新評估過情況後，再作適當修訂發出新的許可證。
If unforeseen difficulties or hazards develop, the work in the space should be stopped and the space evacuated so that the situation can be reassessed. Permits should be withdrawn and only re-issued, with any appropriate revisions, after the situation has been re-assessed.

(4)        任何船員在密閉空間內感到不妥，應向駐守入口的人員發出預定的訊號，並立即撤離該場所。
If any personnel in a space feel in any way adversely affected they should give the pre-arranged signal to the attendant standing by the entrance and immediately leave the space.

(5)        如有緊急事故發生，應啟動警報器，以便救援隊伍可以即時得到支援。駐守在空間入口的船員無論在任何情況下都不得進入空間內，直至空間的狀況已經過衡量，確定進入空間的船員會安全，才可以進行救援。
Should an emergency occur the general alarm should be sounded so that back-up is immediately available to the rescue team. Under no circumstances should the attendant enter the space before help has arrived and the situation has been evaluated to ensure the safety of those entering the space to undertake the rescue.

(6)        救援人員一旦到達傷者身邊，首要工作是檢查供氣。除非該人員已嚴重受傷，例如脊骨折斷，否則應盡快將他移離現場。
Once the casualty is reached, the checking of the air supply must be the first priority. Unless he is gravely injured, e.g. a broken back, he should be removed from the dangerous space as quickly as possible.

 

9.         完工程序:
Procedures on completion:

當「工作許可」有效期屆滿，所有人都必須離開空間並將入口關閉或鎖上，嚴禁進入。但若現場已不再有危險，則應宣告為安全區，可開放進出。
On expiry of the “permit-to-work”, everyone should leave the space and the entrance to the space should be closed or otherwise secured against entry or alternatively, where the space is no longer a dangerous space, declared safe for normal entry.

 

10.     操演與訓練:
Drill and training:

根據SOLAS國際公約要求，進入密閉或有限空間的操演必須每兩個月實施一次，操演內容應包括下列項目:
As per SOLAS 1974 requirement, the drill for entering enclosed or confined spaces shall carry out once per two months, the content of the drill shall including as follows:

(1)        認識到可能會產生危險空氣的情況或活動。
Recognition of the circumstances and activities likely to lead to the presence of a dangerous atmosphere.

(2)        進入危險空間所會涉及的危險，以及所應採取的預防措施。
The hazards associated with entry into dangerous spaces, and the precautions to be taken.

(3)        怎樣使用和保養進入危險空間所需的設備和衣物。
The use and maintenance of equipment and clothing required for entry into dangerous spaces.

(4)        有關救人脫離危險空間的指導和演習。
Instruction and drills in rescue from dangerous spaces.

 

11.     相關安全檢查表及資訊:
Relevant safety checklists and information:

(1)       船上作業風險評估
Risk assessment for shipboard operations.

(2)       密閉空間工作許可
Enclosed space work permit.

 

12.     參考資料:
Reference data:

(1)        英國「商船海員安全工作規範」
U.K. “Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen”

(2)        長榮「安全與環境管理手冊」
EMC “Safety and Environmental Management Manual”

(3)        長榮「進入密閉空間及救援訓練手冊」
EMC "Enclosed Space Entry & Rescue Training Manual”