英語文法解析 - 25 分詞構句(Participial construction)

什麼是分詞構句?

分詞構句是一種複合句(compound sentence)。也就是把兩句主詞相同的對等子句，省略一個主詞合成一句複合句，以分詞來簡化子句。

或者當副詞子句的主詞與主要子句的主詞相同時，把副詞子句的主詞去掉

Þ 可以代替副詞子句表示「時間」,「原因」,「條件」,「讓步」等。

 

Þ  被簡化的子句為對等子句和副詞子句。

，(1)，(2)將連接詞省略(有時可以不省略) (3)再將動詞改為分詞，主動用現在分詞，被動用過去分詞，其句

 

如何寫分詞構句?

要將兩句簡單句(simple sentences)的主詞省略寫成分詞構句，有一個最重要的原則:

兩句話的主詞要一樣。(主詞一致才能省略，使句子更精簡)

 

如果第一句主詞是He，第二句也要是He，第一句主詞是Taipei，第二句也要是Taipei，請看以下的例子：

I was tired. I stopped and took a rest.

He knows where I live. He never comes to see me.

 

再看以下的例子：

Taipei looks beautiful at night. We can see Taipei from the mountain.

這兩句的主詞雖然不一樣(一個是Taipei另一個是We)，其實第二句可以改成：
Taipei can be seen from the mountain.如此一來主詞就一樣了。

 

同樣的例子: Helen’s smile attracted John. John talked to Helen.可以改成：

John was attracted by Helen’s smile. John talked to Helen.使主詞一致。

 

接下來，要決定哪一句話是你要強調的。以上面的四個例句來說：

例一：I was tired. I stopped and took a rest. (強調第二句我要停下來休息)

例二：He knows where I live. He never comes to see me. (強調第二句他從沒來看我)

例三：Taipei looks beautiful at night. Taipei can be seen from the mountain.
(強調第二句從山上可以看到台北夜景)

例四：John was attracted by Helen’s smile. John talked to Helen.
(強調第二句John跟Helen說話)

 

決定了主要的句子後，再看另一句是主動句型還是被動句型；主動句型用現在分詞(動詞+ ing)，被動句型用過去分詞(動詞+ed)。

例一：I was tired. 主動句型 => Being

例二He knows where I live. 主動句型 => Knowing

例三Taipei can be seen from the mountain. 被動句型 => Seen

例四John was attracted by Helen’s smile. 被動句型 => Attracted

 

最後把兩句合起來(省略主詞)，就成了分詞構句：

例一：Being tired, I stopped and took a rest.

例二：Knowing where I live, He never comes to see me.

例三：Seen from the mountain, Taipei looks beautiful at night.

例四：Attracted by Helen’s smile, John talked to her.

 

上面的例句，很容易就可以看出主要的句子，可是有些句子從字面上並不容易分辨出哪一個是主要句子。例如：

I am shorter than John. I am a better basketball player.

這就要看說話者的主觀看法，如果你要強調better，分詞構句就是：Being shorter than John, I am a better basketball player.如果你要強調shorter，句子就是：Being a better basketball player, I am shorter than John.

 

以例四句型為例，如果你要強調第一句attracted，分詞構句就成為：Talking to Helen, John was attracted by her smile. 意思是：John跟Helen講話時，被Helen的笑容吸引。也就意味著先講話，後被笑容吸引，因此講話是因，然後被Helen的笑容吸引是果。

如果這句話是：Attracted by Helen’s smile, John talked to her. 那意思就變成了John被Helen的笑容吸引，而跟Helen講話。也就意味著先被笑容吸引，然後試著跟Helen講話。因此被Helen的笑容吸引是因，而跟Helen講話是果。兩句話的意思大不相同。

 

強調兩句先後順序的分詞構句

如果你要強調這兩句話的先後順序，可以在分詞的句子前加before或after。

 

After being tired, I stopped and took a rest. (強調是覺得累了以後才休息的)

After being attracted by Helen’s smile, John talked to her. (因為After後面，動詞要加ing，而attracted過去分詞無法加ing，於是要把being加上來，但句子還是屬於被動型態)強調John是被Helen微笑吸引後，才跟她講話。

當然例四也可寫成：After talking to Helen, John was attracted by her smile. 強調John在與Helen講話後，才被她微笑吸引。

主詞不同的分詞構句（進階文法，可以忽略）

分詞構句解釋至此已經大致可以掌握它的用法。接下來的部份僅供參考，若看不太懂也不影響你對分詞構句的理解。

 

以下的部份，基本上寫作時不會用到，因此懂了這個文法也沒用，所以不懂沒關係。

如果主詞不同，可以不可以用分詞構句？答案是可以的，只是在這種情況下，主詞不可以省略。

Weather permits. We will have a picnic tomorrow. 主詞Weather和We不同，而且沒法改成一樣的主詞，Weather就不能省略，分詞構句就成為：Weather permitting, we will have a picnic tomorrow.

It is a fine day. We are going on a picnic. 主詞It和We不同，而且沒法改成一樣的主詞，It就不能省略，分詞構句就成為：It being a fine day, we are going on a picnic.

 

如何寫分詞構句（結語）

記得以下的要項：

1. 兩句話主詞一樣。

2. 決定哪一句話重要。

3. 看次要句子的型態是主動（現在分詞）還是被動（過去分詞）並去掉主詞。

4. 將兩句合起來。

只要你注意了以上的要項，要寫分詞構句，其實很容易。只要多練習寫幾次，就可以抓住重點了。

 

注意：

1、分詞構句的種類可分為表時間、原因、條件、讓步及附帶狀況。

2、分詞構句前的連接詞通常省略但表『強調』時須保留。

3、被動式的分詞構句Being+p.p; Hving been +p.p 其中Being和Having been常被省略。

 

副詞子句即以副詞引導的子句，引導副詞子句的詞語有:

(時間)
after
before
when
while
as
as soon as
since
until

(因果)
because
now that
since 

(對比)
even though
although
though 

(條件)
if
unless
only if
whether or not
even if
in case
in the event that

1、主動式：

(表時間)
While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
=While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
=Walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

 

(表因果關係，即原因)
Because she needed some money to buy a book, Sue cashed a check.
=Needing some money to buy a book, Sue cashed a check.

 

(表條件)
If you turn to the left, you will find the house.
=Turning to the left, you will find the house.

 

(表讓步)
Though he is a boy, he knows many things.
=Being a boy, he knows many things.

 

(表附帶狀況)
His father died, and left him no fortune.
=His father died, leaving him no fortune.

 

2、被動式：

As it was written in haste, the book has many mistakes.
=Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. (written之前的Being被省略了)

 

完成式分詞構句 (主動為having +過去分詞，被動為having been +過去分詞)表示比主要子句的動詞早完成，因此若分詞所表示的動作比主要子句的動詞先完成，則要用完成式分詞。

After he had had breakfast, he began his work as usual.
=Having had breakfast, he began his work as usual.

Because the book has been written in haste, it has some faults.
=(Having been) written in haste, the book has some faults. (被動式的 Having been 可以省略)

 

不會使用Participle是寫不出漂亮的句子。

Participle (分詞)：這個字的原義為 “a noun-adjective” (混合了名詞與形容詞的功能)；這個字在古法文及拉丁文有 ”partaking” (分擔)的意思, 意即分擔noun(名詞)與adjective(形容詞)的特性。

★「Adjective」形容詞用法 (容後補述)

Present Participle: ACTIVE participle (主動分詞)

Past Participle: PASSIVE participle (被動分詞)

★『Noun』名詞用法
講到這裡，大家心裡一定有個疑問「分詞怎麼當名詞？」。很簡單，就加個definite article - the (限定冠詞)。

例如：
the living = living person(s) 活著的人
the dying = dying person(s) 瀕死的人
the wounded = wounded person(s) 傷者
the accused = accused person(s) 被告
the deceased = deceased person(s) 死者
the learned = learned person(s) 博學者
the condemned = condemned person(s) 被判刑者

 

★★『Participial Construction』分詞構句

Participle真正精彩的用法是Participial Construction (分詞構句)

Having reached the end of my poor sinner's life, my hair now white, I grow old as the world does, waiting to be lost in the bottomless pit of silent and deserted divinity, sharing in the light of angelic intelligences

當我可憐的罪人生命來到終點時，此刻我的頭髮已斑白，如同這個世界的更迭我也變老了，等著迷失在寂靜的無盡深淵及荒蕪的神性，並分享著天使智慧的靈光。(節譯: The Name of The Rose – Umberto Eco)

Having reached... = When I have reached...

為什麼前子句的主詞是 "I" ? --- 因為「前子句的主詞」與「後子句的主詞」相同，所以省略不用。為了讓句子更精簡，連接詞when也跟著省略了。

 

waiting to be... =, and I waited to be...

sharing in the light... = and I shared in the light...

上述兩個子句的主詞仍然是 "I"，只是連接詞and也一併省略了。

 

句子形成方法如下: After I had done my work, I went out for a walk.

(1) 去掉連接詞 --- After I had done my work, I went out for a walk.

(2) 去掉副詞子句的主詞 --- I had done my work, I went out for a walk.

(3) 動詞改為分詞 --- Having done my work, I went out for a walk.

再看底下幾個比較簡單的例句：

《表時間-time》
Walking along the street, he saw a bar. = When he was walking along the street,…

在街上走時,他看到了一個酒吧。

《表原因-reason》

Being caught in the rain, he got a cold. = Because he was caught in the rain,….

由於被雨淋了,他感冒了。

《表條件-condition》

Following this road, you will find the bus stop. = If you follow this road, ….

沿著這條路往前走,你會找到車站。

《表讓步-concession》

Granting that he was drunk, I won't excuse his conduct. = Even if I grant that he was drunk,….   即使我承認他喝醉了,也不會原諒他的行為。

《表附帶情況，與主要動詞同時發出的另外動作- attendant circumstances》

She called out to the man on the street, asking for help.

= She called out to the man on the street, and she asked for help.

她對街上的人喊，請求幫助。

Seated at the table, he was waiting for her.

= He was seated at the table and waiting for her.

他坐在桌子旁等候她。(分詞構句中被動分詞之前的being可以省略。)

 

★★綜合上述例句，我們發現分詞構句有以下特點：

1. 兩個子句（Clause）的主詞相同。

2. 「連接詞」及其引導子句的「主詞」都省略了。

 

《消失的連接詞》

1. 表時間	when, while, after, as soon as...
2. 表原因	because, since, as, for...
3. 表條件	if
4. 表讓步	Although, though, even though, even if, if, in case...
5. 表附帶狀況	and

再來幾個例句，看看各位是否能判斷句中哪些字被省略了。(解答就在例句下)

1. Bucking an emotional national crusade, New York decides not to force physicians to tell their patients.

= As New York bucks an emotional national crusade, New York decides not to force physicians to tell their patients.

2. Having not been for the four years Benjamin Harrison served as President between them, the country could have transitioned from one Cleveland to the other without even changing the monogrammed bathrobe in the White House residence.

= If the country had not been for the four years Benjamin Harrison served as President between them, the country could have transitioned from one Cleveland to the other without even changing the monogrammed bathrobe in the White House residence. (假設語態: 與過去事實相反)

3. Striving to be upbeat, Merkel calls her nascent government a "coalition of new possibilities."

= Although Merkek strives to be upbeat, Merkel calls her nascent government a "coalition of new possibilities."

4. He sat down, crossing his legs, drawing up his trousers from the knee, revealing a pair of maroon ankle-length socks.

= He sat down, and crossed his legs, and drew up his trousers from the knee, and revealed a pair of maroon ankle-length socks.

5. I eventually made a concession and agreed to go to mainland China on business trip every year for 2 months, all being well.

= I eventually made a concession and agreed to go to mainland China on business trip every year for 2 months if all were well.

 

★★『Absolute Participial Construction』獨立分詞構句

 

秉著省略精簡的寫作技巧，Absolute Participial Construction的用法與上述的 Participial Construction相似。唯一的差異是「前子句的主詞」與「後子句的主詞」不同。

 

句子形成方法如下: After my work had been done, I went out for a walk.

(1) 去掉連接詞 --- After my work had been done, I went out for a walk.

(2) 保留不同的主詞 --- My work had been done, I went out for a walk.

(3) 動詞改為分詞 --- My work having been done, I went out for a walk. (大功告成!!)

例句:

We had to stay inside, it raining very hard. = We had to stay inside, for it rained very hard.

因為雨下得很大，我們必須待在裡面。☆ 不同的主詞: we, it

 

Time permitting, I'll go on a picnic with you this Sunday. = If time permits, I'll go on a picnic with you this Sunday. 如果時間允許，這個星期天我會跟你去野餐。☆ 不同的主詞: time, I

 

No other business arising, the meeting was adjourned. = As no other business arose, the meeting was adjourned. 由於沒有提議其他的事項，會議休會。

☆ 不同的主詞: no other business, the meeting

The horse loped across the yard, her foal trailing behind her.

= The horse loped across the yard, and her foal trailed behind her.
這匹馬大步邁過圍欄，她的幼馬也緊跟在後。☆ 不同的主詞: the horse, her foal

 

At times, I looked out the window, interesting sights, such as a wide plain, conspicuous buildings, vehicles of all sorts and many others, coming into view, one after another.

= At times, I looked out the window, and interesting sights,....., came into view,......

我不時往窗外瞧，吸引人的景色，如：遼闊的平原，醒目的建築物，各種車輛及其他種種，都接踵映入眼簾。☆ 不同的主詞: I, sights (such as 後頭的一大串敘述為sights的補語, 可以省略)

 

John getting the hang of the job, I'll leave him to carry on under his own steam.

= As John gets the hang of the job, I'll leave him to carry on under his own steam.

因為John抓到了工作的竅門，我會讓他獨當一面。☆ 不同的主詞: John, I